Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
Alfred Holzhaus, Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto (Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto, 1969), 19-34.
Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Mi estas homo. Originalaj verkoj de d-ro L. L. Zamenhof , ed. Aleksander Korĵenkov (Kaliningrad: Sezonoj, 2006), 102.
On Herder's preference for "nationally bounded states," see Allan Patten, "The Most Natural State: Herder and Nationalism," History of Political Thought 31, no. 4 (2010): 658-89.
Karl Popper, Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (Glasglow: Fontana /Collins, 1974), 105.
Malachi H. Hacohen, "Dilemmas of Cosmopolitanism: Karl Popper, Jewish Identity and Central European Culture," Journal of Modern History 71 (March 1999): 105-49.
For an analysis of Zamenhof's philosophical ideas, see Roberto Garvia, "Reli- gion and Artificial Languages at the Turn of the 20th Century: Ostwald and Zamen- hof," Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 1 (2013): 47-70.
Chapter 8
Ludovikito (pseud. Ito Kanzi), Historieto de Esperanto (Tokio: Libroteko Tokio, 1998), 1-12.
Adam Zakrzewski, Historio de Esperanto, 1887-1912 (Warsaw: Gebethner and Wolff, 1913), 8-9.
Kamusella, "Language as an Instrument," 247.
Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Internationale Sprache. Vorrede und vollstandiges Lehr- buch. For germanoj (Warsaw: Gebethner and Wolff, 1887), 31.
Ibid., 2.
Ibid., 8 and 29.
Ibid., 4.
On this concept, see Paul A. David, "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," 336.
Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de Vlingvo internacia (Warsaw: Kelter, 1888), 12.
Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Aldono al la Dua Libro de l'lingvo internacia (Warsaw: Kelter, 1929 [1888]), 33.
Ibid., 35.
Zamenhof, Dua libro, 10-11. Emphasis in the original.
Ibid., 34.
Ibid., 40.
Chapter 9
Leopold Einstein, La lingvo internacia als beste Losung des internationalen Weltspracheproblems (Nuremberg: A. Stein, 1888), 6.
Einstein, Weltsprachliche, 3. The "mystical obfuscation" comes from Einstein, La lingvo, 5.
Einstein, Weltsprachliche, 14-15.
Zamenhof, Originala, 70.
The combined list of the 1,709 Volapukists has been collected from Auguste Kerckhoffs, Yelabukpedipedals (Paris, 1887); Spielman, Volaptik-Almanach, 20-27; and the pages of Rund um die Welt. The first Adresaro was published by Zamenhof in 1889, right after the Dua Libro.
There was certainly a Volapuk movement in St. Petersburg, but, as mentioned, it was mostly made of German immigrants; see Mannewitz, "Deutsche St. Petersburger."
See Zamenhof's letter to Mainov of May 11, 1889, in Zamenhof, Originala, 478- 81. See also Adolf Holzhaus, Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto (Helsinki: Fondumo Espe- ranto, 1969), 210-22; and Korĵenkov, Homarano, 98-101.
La Esperantisto (December 1890), 17-18.
Letter to Guminskij of August 1890, included in Zamenhof, Originala, 492. Sikosek is also inclined to think that Schmidt had tried to twist Zamenhof's hand. See Marcus Sikosek, Die neutrale Sprache. Eine politische Gesichichte des Esperanto- Weltbundes (Skonpres: Bydgoszcz, 2006), 41.
La Esperantisto (November 1890), 54.
For the negotiations and correspondence between Zamenhof and the leader of the Nuremberg club in these months, see Annakris Szimkat, "Kion Zamenhof skribis al Christian Schmidt," in Li kaj Ni: Festlibro por la 80a naskiĝtago de Gaston Waring- hien, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Antwerp / La Laguna: Stafeto, 1984), 337-48.
Letter to Guminskij of August 29, 1894, in Zamenhof, Originala, 496.
See his article "Folieto de Posrednik," in La Esperantisto (February 1895): 26- 27. The Tolstoyans were followers of the last, most spiritual Leo Tolstoy, who in 1884 became a supporter of Esperanto. They were pacifists, who also rejected church and secular authorities. See La Esperantisto (July 1894): 99-100; and Lev Tolstoi, Correspon- dencia, ed. Salma Ancira (Barcelona: Acantilado, 2005), 516-17. The Posrednik (Inter- mediary) publishing group was set up to serve as the intermediary between Russian intellectuals and peasants: La Esperantisto (February 1895): 27-28.
Letter to Mainov of July 31, 1889, in Zamenhof, Originala, 482. See also Gas- ton Waringhien, "Historia skizo de la Esperanto movado," in Lingvo kaj vivo, ed. Gas- ton Waringhien, 2nd ed. (Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto Asocio, 1989), 398.
Geoffrey Sutton, Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto (New York: Mondial, 2008), 35, 38 and 41. On Leo Belmont (real name Leopold Blu- mental), see Zofia Banet-Fornalowa, La pereintoj in memorian (Czeladz: Eldonejo Hejme, 2003), 15-49.
Korĵenkov, Homarano, 136-38 and 175-76.
Chapter 10
For brief biographies of the leading French Esperantists of this period, see Gas- ton Waringhien, "Prologo," in Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Leteroj de Zamenhof, comp. and ed. Gaston Waringhien (Paris: SAT, 1948), 1-9; and Lescure, Un imaginaire, 151-67.
L'Esperantiste (January 1898): 5.
See Louis de Beaufront, "Ce que nous voulons," L'Esperantiste (January 1898): 1-3. On the political polarization in France resulting from the Dreyfus Affair, see Jean- Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 179-208.
Zeev Sternhell, "The Political Culture of Nationalism," in Nationhood and Na- tionalism in France: From Boulanguism to the Great War 1889-1918, ed. Robert Tombs (London: Harper Collins, 1991), 22-38.
Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Mi estas homo. Originalaj verkoj de d-ro L. L. Zamenhof, ed. Aleksander Korĵenkov (Kaliningrad: Sezonoj, 2006), 36.
On top of Gaston Moch and Rene Lemaire, there were other Esperantists very active in the international pacifist movement. In Chapter 13, I explore the connections between these two movements.
The original article of Zamenhof, "Esenco kaj estonteco de la ideo de Lingvo In- ternacia," is reproduced in Zamenhof, Originala, 276-312.
On the dealings of Zamenhof and the French leadership with Hachette, see Za- menhof, Leteroj de Zamenhof, 17-88; and Ito Kanzi, "La firmo Hachette kaj la Kolekto Aprobita," in Menade bal ptiki baclass="underline" Festlibro por la 50a naskitago de Reinhard Haupen- thal, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1998), 145-60.
Schmidt, Geschichte, 30.
Johann Martin Schleyer, Uber die Pfuscher-Sprache des Pseudo-Esperanto (Kon- stanz, 1907), 7.
Alberto Liptay, Gemeinsprache der Kulturvolker (Brockhaus: Leipzig, 1891), 150-64.
See Rosenberger, "Brief History," 277-300; and Tazio Carlevaro, "Mondlingvaj akademioj," in Li kaj Ni: Festlibro por la 80a naskiĝtago de Gaston Waringhien, ed. Re- inhard Haupenthal (Antwerp / La Laguna: Stafeto, 1985).