Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
Qtd. in Knowlson, Universal Language Schemes, 191. For the new conception of language, see Burke, Languages and Communities, 160-72.
Knowlson, Universal Language Schemes, 183-209; Eco, The Search, 290-92.
Burke, Languages and Communities, 163-72.
Johann Gottfried Herder, Philosophical Writings, trans. and ed. Michael N. For- ster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 50. For Herder's philosophy of language, see Edward Sapir, "Herder's Ursprung der Sprache," Modern Philology 5, no. 1 (1907): 109-42.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, On Language, On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and Its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species, ed. Michael Losonsky (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 46.
Maurice Olender, The Languages of Paradise (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1992).
Thomas Bonfiglio, Mother Tongues and Nations: The Invention of the Native Speaker (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2010), 142-84.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, trans. and ed. Greg- ory Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 161. For an analysis of Fich- te's ethnolinguistic nationalism, see David Martyn, "Borrowed Fatherland: Nationalism and Language Purism in Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation," Germanic Review 72, no. 3 (2001): 303-15. For a more critical perspective, see Arash Abizadeh, "Was Fichte an Ethnic Nationalist? On Cultural Nationalism and Its Double," History of Political Thought 26, no. 2 (2005): 334-59.
See Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, eds., Global- ization in Historical Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Guillaume Daudin, Matthias Morys, and Kevin H. O'Rourke, "Globalization, 1870-1914," in The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe. Vol. 2:1870 to the Present, ed. Stephen N. Broadberry and Kevin H. O'Rourke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 5-29.
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History (Cam- bridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), 119.
Union of International Associations, Les 1978 Organisations Internationalesfon- dees depuis le Congres de Vienne (Brussels: UIA, 1957), 5-11.
Herbert N. Shenton, Cosmopolitan Conversation (New York: Columbia Univer- sity Press, 1933), 27; Akira Iriye, Global Community (Berkeley: University of Califor- nia Press), 9-36.
David Crystal, English as a Global Language, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 12.
See the aggregate data in biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, and mathe- matics publications in Ulrich Ammon, "Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache: die Ent- wicklung im 20. Jahrhundert und die Zukunftsperspektive," in Sprache und Sprachen in den Wissenschaften: Geschichte und Gegenwart, ed. Herbert E. Wiegand (Berlin / New York: de Gruyter), 207. A different estimate, which considers astronomy, chemis- try, mathematics, physics, and zoology, shows that German was the most important language in the natural sciences already in the last decade of the nineteenth century: Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, "Une langue internationale pour la science?" in Vavenir du frangais dans les publications et les communications scientifiques et techniques (Mon- treaclass="underline" Conseil de la Langue Fran^aise, 1983), http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheque -virtuelle.
Herbert Spencer, An Autobiography (New York: Appleton, 1904), 1:247; Fried- rich W. Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, trans. Marion Faber with Stephen Lehman (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984 [1878]), 64.
For the political use of language in the era of nationalism, see Daniel Baggioni, Langues et nations en Europe (Paris: Payot, 1997), 210-87; Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); from the same author, "Language, Culture, and National Identity," Social Research 63, no. 4 (1996): 165-95; Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 2006); and To- masz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). For a case-by-case description of the inven- tion of new national languages, see Istvan Fodor and Claude Hagege, eds., Language Reform: History and Future, 3 vols. (Hamburg: Buske Verlag, 1983).
Chapter 2
Qtd. in Reinhard Hauptenthal, Uber die Startbedingungen zweier Plansprachen (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 2005), 13.
For Schleyer's life, see Johann Martin Schleyer, "Meine Biographie (1880)," in Pralat- Schleyer-Jahrbuch, ed. Reinhard Hapenthal (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 2007), 121-46; Sigmund Spielmann, ed., Volaptik-Almanach ftir 1888 (Leipzig: Mayer, 1887), 11-15; Albert Sleumer, Johan Martin Schleyer (18. Juli 1831-16. August 1912). Ein Lebensbild (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1981 [1914]); Reinhard Hauptenthal, 125 Jahre Volaptik. Leben und Werk Johann Martin Schleyer (1831-1912) (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 2005); from the same au- thor, La pastro de Litzelstetten. Decenio (1875-1885) en la vivo de Johann Martin Schleyer (1831-1912) (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 2005).
By the time Schleyer created his international phonetic alphabet, some linguists were already working to produce a standardized graphic representation of sounds, which in 1886 gave way to the establishment of the International Phonetic Association. See Michael K. C. MacMahon, "The International Phonetic Association: The First 100 Years," Journal of the International Phonetic Association 16, no. 1 (1986): 30-38.
Schleyer was not the first one to jump from the idea of creating a new alphabet to crafting a new language able to clothe that alphabet. Dalgarnos's universal language, as well as Herbert Spencer's scheme of an artificial language, follows the same pat- tern; see Cram and Maat, George Dalgarno, 9, and Spencer, An Autobiography, 1:247 and 617-21.
This example and the description of the language come from Klaus A. Linder- felt, Volaptik: An Easy Method of Acquiring the Universal Language (Milwaukee: Gas- par and Zahn, 1888).
Johann Martin Schleyer, Hauptgedanken meiner offentlichen Vortrage tiber die von mir ersonnene Allsprache Volaptik (Konstanz: A. Moriell, 1885); Sleumer, Johan Mar- tin Schleyer, 20.
On the strength of Volapuk in 1888, see Rupert Kniele, Der erste Jahrzehnt der Weltsprache Volaptik (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1989); and Johann Schmidt, Geschichte der uni- versalsprache Volaptik, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1986 [1964]), 8-13.
Chapter 3
For the aesthetic mission of Sionsharfe, see Alfred Eble, "Die Sionsharfe, eine katholische Zeitschrift fur christliche Poesie," in Haupenthal, Pralat Schleyer Jahr- buch 2008, 29-54.
A reprint of the official diploma is included in Johann Martin Schleyer, Volaptik. Die Weltsprache. Entwurf einer Universalsprache ftir alle Gebildete derganzen Welt, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Hildesheim: Olms, 1982 [1880]).
Cornelia Mannewitz, "Deutsche St. Petersburger Beitrage zur Idee der Welthil- fssprache," in Sankt Petersburg — 'der akkurate Deutsche': Deutsche und Deutsches in der anderen russischen Hauptstadt. Beitrage zum Internationalen Symposium in Pots- dam, 23.-28. September 2003, ed. Norbert Franz and Ljuba Kirjuchina (Peter Lang: Frankfurt am Main, 2006), 365-76.