Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
For their last letters, see Erika Luciano and Clara S. Roero, eds., Giuseppe Peano- Louis Couturat. Carteggio (1896-1914) (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2005), 166-77.
Qtd. in Alasdair Urquhart, "The Couturat-Russell Correspondence," Russelclass="underline" The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 22 (2002): 190.
Andre Lalande, "Philosophy in France," Philosophical Review 24 (1915): 249.
Progreso (November 1910): 526-27.
Progreso (March 1911): 7.
Progreso (April 1914): 196-97.
Guerard, A Short History, 149.
Progreso (April 1909): 68.
Progreso (July 1909): 259.
Forster, The Esperanto, 134.
Progreso (November 1911): 547-48.
Forster, The Esperanto, 134.
Qtd. in ibid., 133.
According to the Yarlibro Idista 1922 (Idist Yearbook 1922).
See his article "Pri nia idealo" in Progreso (November 1911): 548-49. See also from Couturat, "Esperanto ed esperantismo," Progreso (September 1908): 264-76.
Progreso (July-September 1928). These specialized journals were, according to Stojan's data, the Catholic periodical L'Idisto Katolika (1909-1926), the teachers' journal L'Edukero (1921-1922), the anarchist publication Libereso (1922-1926), the communist periodical Nia Standardo (1922-1924), the working-class publication Kom- bato (1922-1926), and the vegetarian journal Nova Vivo (1923-1926). See Petr E. Stojan,
Bibliografio de Internacia Lingvo (New York: Georg Olms, 1973 [1929]), 503-4. For the evolution on membership in the Ido movement, see Detlev Blanke, "Wilhelm Ost- wald, Ido und die Interlinguistik," in Eine Sprache ftir die Wissenschaft. Beitrage und Materialien des Interlinguistik-Kolloquiums ftir Wilhelm Ostwald, ed. Ulrich Becker and Fritz Wollenberg (Berlin: Gesellschaft fur Interlinguistik e.V., 1998), 17-19; and for the current situation of the movement, see Gunther Anton, "Einige Bemerkungen zu Ido and zur Ido-Bewegung heute," in Plansprachen und ihre Gemeinschaften, ed. Detlev Blanke (Berlin: Gesellschaft fur Interlinguistik e. V., 2002), 22-26.
45. David K. Jordan, "Esperanto and Esperantism," Language Problems and Lan- guage Planning 11, no. 1 (1987): 104-25.
Chapter 17
de Wahl, "Wege und Irrwege," 17.
Fayet, "Eine internationale Sprache," 11-14.
Qtd. in Blanke, Internationale Plansprachen, 162.
Cosmoglotta (October 1928): 141; Louis M. de Guesnet, "25 annus de Cosmo- glotta," Cosmoglotta (August 1947): 17-18.
Edgar de Wahl, "In personal affere," Cosmoglotta (March 1928): 46.
Julia S. Falk, Women, Language, andLinguists (London: Routeledge, 1999), 33-92.
Frank Esterhill, Interlingua Institute: A History (New York: Interlingua Institute, 2000), 3.
Qtd. in Julia S. Falk, "Words Without Grammar: Linguists and the International Auxiliary Language Movement in the United States," Language and Communication 15, no. 3 (1995): 247. See also Edward Sapir, "The Function of an International Lan- guage," in International Communication, ed. Herbert N. Shenton, Edward Sapir, and Otto Jespersen (London: Kegan Paul, 1931), 65-94; and James McElvenny, "Ed- ward Sapir, Linguistic Relativity and International Language," paper presented at the Third International Free Linguistics Conference, Sydney, October 10-11, 2009.
Falk, Women, Language, 67.
See Jespersen, A Linguist's Life, 220-23; and his contribution to Novialiste (March 1938): 336-38.
Novialiste (May 1939): 476.
Jespersen, An International Language, 322-36.
Jespersen, A Linguist's Life, 227.
Falk, "Words Without," 251.
From 1924 to 1941, IALA spent around $310,000 in research and public relations, and approximately $2,500,000 in current market prizes; see Falk, Women, Language, 78. Aside from its use in some scientific journals for abstracting purposes, Interlingua did not have much impact. In the mid-1950s IALA was dissolved and succeeded by the Interlingua Institute, whose last executive director, Frank Esterhill, announced in 2000 that the language was dead: Frank Esterhill, "Interlingua—RIP," Verbatim 25 (2000): 20-21. Interlingua, though, is still alive. Wikipedia hosts an Interlingua ency- clopedia (http://ia.wikipedia.org), and the Union Mundial pro Interlingua, founded in 1955, is still active (http://www.interlingua.com). For a basic description of the language, see Alexander Gode, Interlingua-English Dictionary (New York: Storm Publishers, 1951).
Julian Prorok, "5 annus de Occidental e li recent situation," Cosmoglotta (Jan- uary 1927): 1.
W. Terrence Gordon, C. K. Ogden: A Bio-Bibliographic Study (London: Scare- crow Press, 1990), 1-55; P. Sargant Florence, "Cambridge 1909-1919 and Its Aftermath," in C. K. Ogden: A Collective Memoir, ed. P. Sargant Florence and J. R. L. Anderson (Lon- don: Elek Pemberton, 1977), 13-55.
Churchill's address is reproduced in the New York Times, September 7, 1943, 14.
K. E. Garay, "Empires of the Mind? C. K. Ogden, Winston Churchill, and Basic English," Historical Papers / Communications Historiques 23, no. 1 (1988): 280-91.
Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore: Johns Hop- kins University Press, 1997), 118-19.
Sapir, "The Function," 71-74.
Albert L. Guerard, "Linguistic Imperialism," New Republic, September 20, 1943,
400.
Alphonse Matejka,"Ancor un vez: Basic English," Cosmoglotta (May 1943): 57.
See the report of General Secretariat of the League of Nations, Esperanto.
Conclusion
See Robert M. W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 118; and Juan Carlos Moreno, La dignidad, 37-46.
Christo Moskovsky, "Reflections on Artificial Languages," in Essays on Natural and Artificial Languages, ed. Christo Moskovsky and Alan Libert (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009), 1-19; and Marc van Oostendorp, "Constructed Language and Lin- guistic Theory," http://www.vanoostendorp.nl/ (accessed February 2, 2010).
Zamenhof, Originala, 404.
Lev I. Zhirkov, Kial venkis Esperanto? (Leipzig: Ekrelo, 1931), 7-8.
Ibid., 17-18.
Detlev Blanke, "Causes of the Relative Success of Esperanto," Language Prob- lems and Language Planning 33, no. 3 (2009): 253; Eco, The Search, 318.
Schuchardt, "Bericht," 56-57.
Elisabeth S. Clemmens, "Organizational Repertoires and Institutional Change: Women's Groups and the Transformation of U.S. Politics, 1890-1920," American Jour- nal of Sociology 98, no. 4 (1993): 755-98.
Progreso (November 1911): 548.
On the boycott of the International Research Council to German science, see Schroeder-Gudehus, Les scientifiques, 131-60.
British Association for the Advancement of Science, "An International Aux- iliary Language," in Report of the Eighty-Ninth Meeting (London: John Murray, 1922), 393.
Ibid., 399.
Ibid., 400.
Forster, The Esperanto, 275; Amerika Esperantisto (April 1921): 1-2.