Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
Rosenberger, "Brief History," 282.
Volaptik: A Monthly Journal of the World Language (Boston, 1889): 53.
Rund um die Welt (February-March 1892): 359-64.
Rund um die Welt (December 1890): 283-84.
Kniele, Der erste Jahrzehnt, 71-73.
Reinhard Haupenthal, "Nachwort zum Neudruck (1989)," in Kniele, Der erste Jahrzehnt, 139-40.
In the early 1930s the language witnessed a short revival under the leadership of Arie de Jong, a Dutch physician. By that time, however, Esperanto had already taken the field and the reformed Volapuk of de Jong did not prosper. See Brian R. Bishop, "La 'ĉifaloj' de Volapuk," in Menade bal ptiki bal. Festlibro por la 50a naskiĝ-tago de Reinhard Haupenthal, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Saarbruken: Iltis, 1998), 375-90; and Schmidt, Geschichte, 41-45.
Chapter 6
Edgar de Wahl, "Wege und Irrwege zur Weltsprache," in Occidental. Die Welts- prache, ed. Engelbert Pigal (Stuttgart: Frankische Verlagshandlung, 1950 [1930]), 21.
Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Originala verkaro, ed. Johannes Dietterle (Leipzig: Ferdi- nand Hirt and Sohn, 1929), 404.
Natasha Staller, "Babeclass="underline" Hermetic Languages, Universal Languages, and Anti- Languages in fin de siecle Parisian Culture," ArtBulletin 76, no. 2 (1994): 331-54.
Haupenthal, Der erste Volaptik-Kongress, 70.
Rund um die Welt (December 1890): 283-84.
Haupenthal, Pralat Johann Martin Schleyer, 28.
Edward E. Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1954), 255-313; Frank J. Coppa, Pope Pius IX: Crusader in a Secular Age (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), 140-68.
Coppa, Pope Pius IX, 189.
Michael Gross, The War Against Catholicism (Ann Arbor: University of Michi- gan Press, 2004), 246-58.
Lothar Gall, "Die partei- und sozialgeschichtliche Problematik des badischen Kulturkampfes," Zeitschrift ftir die Geschichte des Oberrheins 113 (1965): 153; Konrad Grober, "Der Altkatholizismus in Messkirch. Die Geschichte seiner Entwiklung und Bekampfung," Freiburger Diozesan-Archiv 40 (1912): 135-98.
Thomas Mergel, "Ultramontanism, Liberalism, Moderation: Political Mentali- ties and Political Behavior of the German Catholic Btirgertum, 1848-1914," Central Eu- ropean History 29, no. 2 (1996): 151-74.
Grober, "Der Altkatholizismus"; Gross, The War Against Catholicism, 253-54. For the reaction of Rome against Old Catholics, see J. B. Mullinger, The New Reforma- tion: A Narrative of the Old Catholic Movement from 1870 to the Present Time (Lon- don: Longmans, 1875), 93-136; and A. M. E. Scarth, The Story of the Old Catholic and Kindred Movements (London: Simpkin, 1883), 31-40.
Mullinger, The New Reformation, 232.
Haupenthal, Der erste Volaptik-Kongress, 105.
Johann Martin Schleyer, 100 Grtinde warum ich katolische bleibe (Aachen: Gus- tav Schmidt, 1901), 3-4.
Chapter 7
Nikolao Stepanov, "Esperantistaj viktimoj de stalinismo," Sennaciulo 9 (1990): 76-78.
Ulrich Lins, Die gefarhliche Sprache (Gerlingen: Bleicher, 1988), 117.
Qtd. in Christopher Hutton, Linguistics and the Third Reich: Mother-Tongue Fas- cism, Race, and the Science of Language (London: Routledge, 1999), 302.
Qtd. in Aleksander Korzhenkov, The Life of Zamenhof, trans. Ian Richmond and ed. Humphrey Tonkin (New York: Mondial, 2010), 5.
Tomasz Wisniewski, Jewish Biaiystok (Ipswich: Ipswich Press, 1998), 120.
Ya'akov Samid, The Immortal Spirit: The Bialystok Hebrew Gymnasium, Poland, 1919-1939 (Haifa: Traffic Publications, 1995), 12-13.
Israel Bartal, The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 90-101; Eli Lederhendler, "Modernity Without Emancipa- tion or Assimilation? The Case of Russian Jewry," in Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth Century Europe, ed. Jonathan Frankel and Steven J. Zipperstein (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 324-43; and Marvin Fox, "Law and Ethics in Modern Jewish Philosophy: The Case of Moses Mendelssohn," Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 43 (1976): 1-13.
See Stephen Berk, Years of Crisis, Years of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881-1882 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985), 13-15; Bartal, The Jews, 88; Aleksander Korĵenkov [Korzhenkov], Homarano. La vivo, verkoj kaj ideoj de d-ro L. L. Zamenhof, 2nd ed. (Kaunas: Litova Esperanto Asocio, 2011), 40; and Naftali Zvi Maimon, La kaŝita vivo de Zamenhof (Tokyo: Japana Esperanto Instituto, 1978), 27-36.
In 1876, three years before Zamenhof began his studies at the University of Moscow, there were only 247 Jewish students in Russian universities. In the mid- 1880s, amounting to 15 percent of the student body, the Jews were overrepresented in Russian higher education; see Benjamin Nathans, Beyond the Pale: The Jewish En- counter with Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 218 and 229.
Berk, Years of Crisis, 37-55; I. Michael Aronson, "The Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia in 1881," in Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, ed. John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 44- 61; and John D. Klier, Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881-1882 (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 2011).
Jonathan Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Rus- sian Jews, 1862-1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 86.
See Joel S. Geffen, "Whither: To Palestine or to America in the Pages of the Russian Hebrew Press Ha-Melitz and Ha-Yom (1880-1890)," American Jewish Histori- cal Quarterly 59 (1969): 179-200; Frankel, Prophecy and Politics, 88; and Berk, Years of Crisis, 108-10. Zamenhof's articles of 1881 and 1882 in Razsvet are reproduced in Adolf Holzhaus, Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto (Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto, 1969), 87-120. For an Esperanto translation, see Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Mi estas homo. Originalaj verkoj de d-ro L. L. Zamenhof, ed. Aleksander Korĵenkov (Kaliningrad: Sezonoj, 2006), 5-26.
Korĵenkov, Homarano, 65-71; Maimon, La kaŝita vivo, 85-102.
Frankel, Prophecy and Politics, 141-47; Alexander Orbach, "The Development of the Russian Jewish Community, 1881-1903," in Klier and Lambroza, Pogroms: Anti- Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, 146-48.
Frankel, Prophecy and Politics, 84.
The acronym "BILU" is formed by the initial letters of the Hebrew expression "House of Jacob, come, let us go!" BILU was a society of pioneers who wanted to estab- lish agricultural settlements in Palestine.
Yosef Salmon, "Ideology and Reality in the Bilu Aliyah," Harvard Ukranian Stud- ies 2 (1978): 455.
See his letter to the BILU member S. Zuckerman in Zamenhof, Mi estas homo, 27-31.
Berk, Years of Crisis, 120.
Ehud Luz, Parallels Meet: Religion and Nationalism in Early Zionist Move- ment (1882-1904), trans. Lenn J. Schramm (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1988), 37.
On the intimate relationship between language and nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe, see Kamusella, The Politics. For a review of the legacies of linguistic nationalisms in Eastern Europe, see Cathie Carmichael, "Coming to Terms with the Past: Language and Nationalism in Russia and Its Neighbours," in Language and Na- tionalism in Europe, ed. Stephen Balbour and Cathie Carmichael (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press 2000), 221-39.