Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
Schleyer, Volaptik. Die Weltsprache, iii.
Qtd. in Carlos Sanhueza, "El objetivo del instituto pedagogico no es el de for- mar geografos. Hans Steffen y la transferencia del saber geografico aleman a Chile, 1893- 1907," Historia 45, no. 1 (2012): 188n71.
Alfred Kirchhoff, "Wie ich Volapukist wurde," Rund um die Welt (April 1890):
1-6.
A short biography of Rudolf Menke at http://www.biographie-portal.eu/, a re- search site launched by the Bavarian State Library and other academic organizations of Austria and Switzerland.
See Johannes Bierey, "Alfred Kirchhoff," in Mitteldeutsche Lebensbilder, Erster Band. Lebensbilder des 19. Jahrhunderts (Magdeburg: Verlag der Historischen Kom- mission, 1926), 357-75.
Kirchhoff, "Wie ich Volapukist," 4.
Among others, he also translated into Volapuk works of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen. For his defense of Volapuk as a literary lan- guage, see Rund um die Welt (December 1890): 273-76; (January 1891): 289-92, and (March 1891): 369-80. For a biography of Siegfried Lederer, see Reinhard Haupenthal, Prof. Dr. Siegfried Lederer (1861-1911) und die VolaptiK-Zeitschrift "Rund um die Welt" (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 2001).
See Konrad Meisterhans, "Volapuk und der Weltfrieden," Rund um die Welt (February 1891): 340; Simon Buisman, "Volapuk und der Weltfrieden," Rund um die
Welt (March 1891): 353-56. Peace activists did not share this enthusiasm for Schleyer's language, however. For example, in its report about Volapuk, the journal Le Desarma- ment europeen et Varbitrage (August 8, 1885): 121-22, edited by the pro-socialist Jean- Baptiste Godin, did not recommend its readers to learn it, given that the future of the language was still in the air. Similarly, even when the peace movement was by this time pondering about the utility of an artificial language—given the discontent of some ac- tivists with the decision to use French as the official language at the annual Peace Conferences—Volapuk was not considered. Thus, rather than Schleyer's language, the delegates of the Fourth Peace Conference (Bern, 1892) decided to study the possibility of "putting forward and extend an international language (neo-Hellenic) (neohelle- nique)," still to be invented. See Bureau International de la Paix, Bulletin Officiel du IVme Congres universel de la paix (Berne: Haller, 1892), 200.
Joseph Bernhaupt, J. M. Schelyer's Weltsprache "Volapuk" (Uberlingen: Aug. Feyel, 1884), 4. See also Carl Zetter, Eine Volaptiktour (Staatsfurt: Trippo, 1898), 9; L. P. Jensen, "Volapuk und die Geschaftswelt," Rund um die Welt (December 1890): 257-60; and Ludwig Zamponi, "Volakup und Fremdenverkehr," Rund um die Welt (May 1890): 33-36.
See Charles E. Sprague, The Philosophy of Accounts, 5th ed. (New York: Ronald Press Con, 1922), v.
Charles E. Sprague, Hand-Book of Volaptik, 5th ed. (London: Trubner and Co., 1888), vii.
The American Spelling Reform Association was set up in 1876 by academics and teachers' organizations. It had the support of the Philological Society of England and the American Philological Association. Like its counterpart in France, the Societe de reforme orthographique, the American spelling reform movement had a political agenda. It considered that an easier spelling system could help break down educational barriers, foster social mobility, and, consequently, political participation. See Francis A. March, "The Spelling Reform," Bureau of Education, Circular of Information no. 8 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893).
The biographical data on Charles E. Sprague comes from the Accounting Hall of Fame of the Fisher College of Business at Ohio State University, and the official site of the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants, which Sprague founded in 1897.
See Jean-Claude Caraco, "Auguste Kerckhoffs (1835-1903) kaj lia rolo en la Volapuk-movado," in Menade balptiki bal. Festlibro por la 50a naskitago de Reinhard Haupenthal, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1998), 391-404.
See Rund um die Welt (December 1889): 1.
For the place of Kerckhoffs in the history of cryptography, see David Kahn, The Code-Breakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (New York: Scribner, 1996), 230-40. Regarding Solresol, in 1886 Kerck- hoffs published an Examen critique de la Langue Musicale Universelle, which I have not been able to find. Solrerol was based on the combination of the seven musical notes.
Thus, "doremi" was day, "dorefa" week, "doresol" month, "dorela" year, and "doresi" century. For a description of Solresol and a biography of his inventor, Jean-Fran^ois Sudre, see Andrew Large, The Artificial Language Movement ), 60-63; and Paul Col- lins, "Solresol, the Universal Musical Language," McSweeney's 5 (2000): 50-66.
Qtd. in Jean-Claude Lescure, Un imaginaire transnational? Volaptik etEsperanto vers 1880-1939, unpublished habilitation thesis (Paris: Institute d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, 1999), 96.
Ibid., 100-101.
Auguste Kerckhoffs, Langue commercial international. Cours complet de Volaptik, 8th ed. (Paris: Le Soudier, 1887).
Auguste Kerckhoffs, International Commercial Language, adapted by Karl Dorn- busch (Chicago: S. R. Winchell and Co., 1888).
Lescure, Un imaginaire, 85-86.
For a small biography of Kniele, see Reinhard Haupenthal, "Personennotiz zu Rupert Kniele (1844-1911)," Pralat Schleyer Jahrbuch 2008: 109-16.
See Reinhard Haupenthal, Der erste Volaptik-Kongress. Friedrichshafen, August 1884 (Saarbrucken: Iltis, 1984). The lyrics and music of the Volapuk anthem were au- thored by the theology student Franz Zorell and Schleyer, respectively. An English trans- lation of the first six verses of the hymn would read like this: "Peace, brotherhood to maintain / a sense for harmony is our banner / Acclaim this work / "One language" cry with me / "for the entire globe / to this strives our association." Zorell's original version can be found in Haupenthal, Der erste Volaptik-Kongress, 63.
Rupert Kniele, Der erste Jahrzehnt, 25.
Ibid., my emphasis.
Chapter 4
Qtd. in Lescure, Un imaginaire, 48-49. Sarcey—last line, first stanza—was the much-feared literary critic Francisque Sarcey, also member of the Association fran^aise pour la propagation du Volapuk. See Louis Couturat and Leopold Leau, Histoire de la langue universelle, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 2001), 142.
Qtd. in Lescure, Un imaginaire, 45-46.
Ibid., 66.
Ibid., 67.
Ibid., 120.
Rund um die Welt (October 1888): 196.
On the standardization of German after 1871 and the linguistic policies of the new country, see Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 84-85; and Marjorie Lamberti, State, Society and the Elementary School in Imperial Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 109-53.
Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers (New York: Harper, 2005), 323.
Alfred Kirchhoff, "Ist Volapuk antinational?" Rund um die Welt (August- September 1890): 148.