Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
Thaddaus Devide, "Dr. Romer's Schmahschrift Volaptik und Deutsche Profes- soren," Rund um die Welt (October 1888): 193-96.
Alexander M. Bell, "Volapuk," Science 27 (January 1888): 39-40.
Alexander M. Bell, World-English: The Universal Language (New York: N. D. C. Hodges, 1888), 16. In the text above, I have tried to reproduce in Unicode the in- vented characters used by the author.
A. Schinz, "La question d'une langue international artificielle," Revue Philos- ophique de la France et de l'Etranger 60 (July-December 1905): 24-44; Dan Savatovsky, "Les linguistes et la langue internationale (1880-1920)," Histoire, Epistemologie, Langage 11 (1989): 37-65.
August Schleicher, Darwinism Tested by the Science of Language, trans. Alex V. W. Bikkers (London: John Candem, 1869), 20-21. For a review of Schleicher and the "language as organism" metaphor, see Lia Formigari, A History of Language Philoso- phies (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004), 144-46.
Ernst Muller, Der Phantom der Weltsprache. Worte der Aufklarung und Erntichterung tiber das Volaptik und den Weltsprach-Gedanken im Allgemeinen (Ber- lin: Ulrich, 1888); H. Ziemer, "E. Muller. Das Phantom der Weltsprache," Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 47 (1888): 1458-59; Gustav Meyer, "Weltsprache und Weltsprachen," in Plansprachen. Beitrage zur Interlinguistik, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1976), 28-45.
See Raoul de la Grasserie, De lapossibilite et des conditions d' une langue inter- nationale (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1892); from the same author, Nouvelle langue interna- tionale. Langue internationalepacifiste, ou apolema, basee sur les radicaux techniques deja internationaux (Paris: E. Leroux, 1907).
Hugo Schuchardt, Weltsprache und Weltsprachen, an Gustav Meyer (Strassburg: Karl J. Trubner, 1894), 31.
See Hugo Schuchardt Hugo, Auf Anlass des Volaptiks (Berlin: Robert Oppen- heim, 1888); from the same author, "Bericht uber die auf Schaffung einer kunstlichen Hilfssprache gerichtete Bewegung," in Plansprachen. Beitrage zur Interlinguistik, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991 [1904]), 46-58. For his biographical reflections on the linguistic wars in the Austro-Hungarian empire, see "Bekenntnisse und Erkenntnisse," Wissen und Leben 13 (1919): 179-98.
Emphasis in the original. For the Homunkulus metaphor, see, e.g., Karl Brug- mann and August Leskien, Zur Kritik der ktinstlichen Weltsprachen (Strasbourg: Karl J. Trubner, 1907); and Herman Diels, Internationale Aufgaben der Universitat (Berlin: Gustav Schade, 1906). De Courtenay's quotation is from Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, "Zur Kritik der kunstlichen Weltsprachen," in Plansprachen. Beitrage zurInterlinguis- tik, ed. Reinhard Haupenthal (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1976), 69, emphasis in the original.
Ibid., 67.
Piet Desmet and Pierre Swiggers, "Le problem des langues et des nationalites chez Michel Breaclass="underline" reflects epistolaires," in Breal et le sens de la semantique, ed. Gabriel Bergounioux (Orleans: Presses Universitaires d'Orleans, 2000), 38.
For a description of these languages, see Couturat and Leau, Histoire de la langue, 168-80, 272-303, 373-80, and 401-7.
American Philosophical Society, "Report of the Committee Appointed Oct. 21, 1887, to Examine into the Scientific Value of the Volapuk," Nature 38 (1888): 351- 55. Flexional languages use word endings to mark grammatical functions, while non- flexional languages prefer stricter word order rules and prepositions for the same purpose. Following the theory of language of Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829), it was still common in the nineteenth century to think that inflectional languages were positioned at a higher level of language evolution; see Bonfiglio, Mother Tongues, 143- 45. Current linguistic theory, though, does not support this claim; see, e.g., Juan Carlos Moreno, La dignidad e igualdad de las lenguas (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2000), 90-97.
See Alexander Ellis, "On the Conditions of a Universal Language," Transactions of the Philological Society (1888): 59-98. More precisely, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as other American universities, backed the American Philosophical Society's proposal, but the response from the other side of the Atlantic was less encouraging. See American Philosophical Society, "Erganzungs-Bericht des Comite zur Formu- lierung einer international Sprache erstatet von demselben . . . am 7. Dezember 1888," in Leopold Einstein, Weltsprachliche Zeit- und Streitfragen (Nuremberg: Stein, 1889), 21-26.
Ellis, "On the Conditions," 97.
Chapter 5
Lescure, Un imaginaire, 99.
Couturat and Leau, Histoire de la langue, 142-46.
Qtd. in Lescure, Un imaginaire, 43.
Alfred Kirchhoff, "Die Ziele der Weiter-Entwicklung des Volapuk," in Volap tik- Almanach ftir 1888, ed. Sigmund Spielmann (Leipzig: Mayer, 1887), 44.
Rund um die Welt (April 1888): 42-44.
Julius Lott, Ist Volaptik die beste und einfachste Losung des Weltsprache-Prob- lems? (Vienna, 1888); from the same author, Un lingua internazional (Vienna: Fran- kenstein and Wagner, 1890); Adolphe Nicolas, Rapport sur un projet de langue scientifique international (Clermont: Daix freeres, 1889).
Schmidt, Geschichte, 16-17; Heinrich Low, "Christian Karl Gross. Ein Gedenk- blatt," Rund um die Welt (September-October 1891): 193-96; Marcus Sikosek, "Doku- mente zum Weltsprachverein Nurnberg," Esperantologio / Esperanto Studies 3 (2005): 45-54.
See Rupert Kniele, HerrLeopold Einstein und la linguo internacia (Uberlingen: A. Feyer, 1890). Concerns about the apparent antisemitism of Schleyer and his closest associates were present in the movement given that in his German-Volapuk diction- ary Schleyer introduced the verb "yudanon," meaning "acting like a Jew." Kerckhoffs severely criticized this word, which according to him "should be expelled from the lan- guage"; see Leopold Einstein, Weltsprachliche Zeit- und Streitfragen (Nuremberg: A. Stein, 1889), 14. If aside from the ominous coinage of "yudanon" there are no other antisemitic remarks in Schleyer's work, plain anti-Roma sentiments are unquestion- able. Thus, in his 1912 brochure Ein Idealvolk that portrays his utopian vision of soci- ety, Schleyer remarked that "Roma people should be either subdue and converted, or otherwise sent back to their land"; see Johann Martin Schleyer, Ein Idealvolk, 2nd ed. (Constanz: Weltsprache Verlag), 24.
Ellis, "On the Conditions," 66; see also Vera Barandovska-Frank, "Uber die Ac- ademia pro Interlingua," in Plansprachen und ihre Gemeinschaften, ed. Detlev Blanke (Berlin: Gesellschaft fur Interlinguistik e. V., 2002), 6.
Charles E. Sprague, "The Volapuk Congress at Paris," Volaptik: A Monthly Jour- nal of the World Language (1889): 40.
Kniele, Der erste Jahrzehnt, 69; Schmidt, Geschichte, 13-16.
Sprague, "The Volapuk Congress," 40-61; Waldemar Rosenberger, "Brief History of the International Academy of the Universal Language," in Michael A. F. Holmes, Dictionary of the Neutral Language (Rochester: John P. Smith, 1903), 277-300; and Rund um die Welt (August- September 1889): 145-50.
For Sprague's recollection of his conversation with Schleyer before the Paris Con- gress, see North American Association for the Propagation of Volapuk, First Annual Convention of Volaptikists: Boston, Aug21, 22, 23, 1890 (Boston, 1890).