Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language
- Автор: Garvía Roberto
- Год: 2015
- Язык: русский
- Жанр: Культурология
Электронная книга - «Esperanto and Its Rivals: The Struggle for an International Language». Краткое содержание книги:
George Orwell, "Appendix: The Principles of Newspeak," in Nineteen Eighty-Four (New York: Plume, 2003 [1949]), 309. See also David W. Sisk, Transformations of Lan- guage in Modern Dystopias (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1997), 38-55.
See, for example, Philippe van Parijs, Linguistic Justice for Europe and for the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
For a survey of artificial languages in Wikipedia, see Ziko van Dijk, "Wikipedia and Lesser-Resourced Languages," Language Problems and Language Planning 33, no. 3 (2009): 234-50. According to the Ethnologue—the standard reference of living lan- guages, maintained by the linguist profession—Esperanto is the second language of 2,000,000 people. More conservative Esperantists, however, estimate the number of flu- ent speakers at only 100,000. See Marcus Sikosek, Esperanto sen mitoj, 2nd ed. (Ant- werp: Flandra Esperanto Ligo, 2003), 55.
On the evolution of the language, see Sabine Fiedler, "Standardization and Self- Regulation in an International Speech Community: The Case of Esperanto," Interna- tional Journal of the Sociology of Language 177 (2006): 67-90; from the same author "Phraseology in Planned Language," in Phraseology: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, ed. Harald Burger (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2007), 779-88; Detlev Blanke, Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einftihrung (Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 1985), 105-7; Istvan Szerdahelyi, "Entwicklung des Zeichnensystems einer in- ternationalen Sprache: Esperanto," in Language Reform: History and Future, ed. Istvan Fodor and Claude Hagege (Hamburg: Buske Verlag, 1984), 1:277-308.
For these standardization battles, see Paul A. David, "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 332-37; from the same au- thor, "Heroes, Herds and Hysteresis in Technological History: Thomas Edison and 'The
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Brian Arthur, IncreasingReturns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), 25.
See, e.g., John Edwards, Language and Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2009).
See, for example, Elisabeth S. Clemmens and Debra C. Minkoff, "Beyond the Iron Law: Rethinking the Place of Organizations in Social Movement Research," in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi (Malden: Blackwell, 2004), 156-70; Debra C. Minkoff and John D. McCarthy, "Reinvigorating the Study of Organizational Processes in Social Movements," Mobilization 10, no. 2 (2005): 289-308. On leadership, see Joseph Campbell, "Where Do We Stand? Common Mechanisms in Organizations and Social Movements Re- search," in Social Movements and Organization Theory, ed. Gerald F. Davis et al. (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41-68; Marshall Ganz, "Resources and Resourcefulness: Strategic Capacity in the Unionization of California Agriculture," American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 4 (2000): 1003-62; and Aldon Morris and Su- zanne Staggenborg, "Leadership in Social Movements," in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi (Mal- den, Mass.: Blackwell, 2004), 171-96.
On the impact of past experiences and cultural settings on the leaders' decisions, see Arthur T. Denzau and Douglass C. North, "Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions," Kyklos 47, no. 1 (1994): 3-31; Bart Nooteboom, Learning and Innova- tions in Organizations and Economies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 35-51; Lee G. Bolman and Terrence E. Deal, Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership (San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons, 2008), 3-44; and Arthur L. Stinch- combe, "Social Structure and Organizations," in Handbook of Organizations, ed. James G. March (New York: Rand McNally, 1965), 142-93. On how leaders extrapolate former experiences to new organizational settings, see Warren Boeker, "Strategic Change: The Effects of Founding and History," Academic Management Journal 32, no. 3 (1989): 489-515; and Victoria Johnson, "What Is Organizational Imprinting? Cultural Entrepreneurship in the Founding of the Paris Opera," American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 1 (2007): 97-127.
Chapter 1
For the concept of "critical junctures," see Giovanne Capoccia and R. Daniel Kele- men, "The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in His- torical Institutionalism," World Politics 59, no. 3 (2007): 341-69.
Sue Wright, "French as a Lingua Franca," Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 26 (2006): 35-60; Nicholas Ostler, Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 403-21.
Sue Wright, Language Policy and Language Planning: From Nationalism to Glo- balization (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 20-25.
Qtd. in Marc Fumaroli, "The Genius of French Language," in The Realms of Mem- ory, ed. Pierre Nora (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 3:591-92.
Peter Burke, Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 67.
Ibid., 54.
Ann Blair, "La persistance du latin comme langue de science a la fin de la Re- naissance," in Sciences and Langues in Europe, eds. Roger Chartier and Petro Corsi (Paris: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000), 19-40; Robin Rider, "Measure of Ideas, Rule of Language: Mathematics and Language in the 18th Century," in The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Tore Frangs- myr, J. L. Heilbron, and Robin E. Rider (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 113-41.
James Knowlson, Universal Language Schemes in England and France, 1600-1800 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975), 29.
Harcourt Brown, "History and the Learned Journal," Journal of the History of Ideas 33, no. 3 (1972): 365-78.
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For Dalgarno's and Leibniz's artificial languages, see David Cram and Jaap Maat, George Dalgarno on Universal Language (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Olga Pombo, Leibniz and the Problem of a Universal Language (Munster: Nodus, 1987). For a general overview of the seventeenth-century universal languages, see Jonathan Cohen, "On the Project of a Universal Character," Mind 63 (1954): 49-63; Andrew Large, The Artificial Language Movement (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), 19-42; Jaap Maat, Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2004); and Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995), 209-92.