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The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]». Краткое содержание книги:
1061 Election of Anselmo Baggio, Alexander II, without consent of emperor, inaugurates the great struggle between pope and emperor. The imperial party calls a council at Bâle and elects Pietro Cadolaus Honorius II. He advances to Rome.
1063 The anti-pope driven by the Normans into the castle of St. Angelo, where he holds his position until
1064 when the fall of Adalbert crushes his last hopes. The schism is healed by Hanno, and Alexander universally acknowledged pope. Resistance to the decrees of celibacy is strong.
1073 Hildebrand, Gregory VII. His election is confirmed by the emperor. His main objects are the enforcement of celibacy among the clergy and the prohibition of investiture by the laity which is the great cause of simony. He demands that Henry IV shall acquiesce in all the newly assumed prerogatives of the papacy.
1075 Lay investiture prohibited. Breach between pope and Henry IV.
1076 Henry calls diet at Worms and declares pope deposed. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who is suspended from his royal office by Diet of Tribur.
1077 Henry humbles himself before the pope at Canossa. Gregory establishes the principle of the papal power to judge kings.
1080 Second excommunication of Henry. His adherents call a council and declare Gregory deposed. Election of Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, Clement III, as anti-pope.
1084 Henry finally takes Rome. Gregory shuts himself in the castle of St. Angelo. Clement crowns Henry emperor. The Normans take Rome. Robert Guiscard releases Gregory, who goes to Salerno and dies the following year. Clement III rules at Rome.
1086 The cardinals elect Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino, Victor III, pope. He lives mostly at Monte Cassino.
1087 Death of Victor.
1088 Five months after Victor’s death Eudes, bishop of Ostia, Urban II, is elected pope. He resides at Monte Cassino.
1094 Urban in Rome. Clement holds only the Vatican, St. Angelo, and the Lateran.
1095 Urban preaches the First Crusade in France. Council of Clermont.
1099 Paschal II. He expels Clement III from Rome, who dies the following year.
1100 On Clement’s death, Theodore, anti-pope, is elected by the imperial party. He falls into Paschal’s hands and condemned to be a hermit.
1102 Albert anti-pope—he is thrust into a monastery.
1105 Silvester IV, anti-pope. He is eventually deposed by the emperor himself.
1106 On death of Henry IV, the question of investiture is renewed with Henry V.
1110 Henry V makes a warlike descent on Italy. Treaty of Sutri, compromising rights of the church.
1111 Paschal refuses to crown Henry, who imprisons both pope and cardinals. Paschal compelled to bestow the crown on Henry.
1115 Death of the countess Matilda, leaving her possessions to the pope. Henry threatens another visit to Rome.
1116 Excommunication of Henry in the Lateran Council. Henry advances on Rome. The pope retreats to Benevento.
1118 Paschal returns to Rome. He dies. The cardinals elect Giovanni da Gaeta, Gelasius II. He is at once seized by Cencius Frangipani. The Transteverines compel his surrender. Henry V arrives in Rome. The pope flees to Gaeta, where he is consecrated. Henry, with the assent of the people, makes Maurice Bourdin, Gregory VIII, anti-pope. On Henry’s departure, Gelasius returns to Rome, but, again attacked, leaves Rome for France.
1119 Death of Gelasius at Lyons. Election of Guido, archbishop of Vienne, Calixtus II. He excommunicates Henry and the anti-pope, and sets out for Rome.
1120 Calixtus captures Gregory and submits him to great degradation.
1121 Death of Gregory in prison. Celestine II anti-pope.
1122 The Concordat of Worms settles the question of investiture. The emperor cedes the right of investiture by ring and staff. The pope allows the election of bishops and abbots according to canonical procedure in the presence of the emperor, but without bribery or compulsion.
1124 Lambert di Fagnano, Honorius II, elected through the Frangipani influence. He rules in peace with Germany, but heads the papal forces in the south of Italy.
1130 At death of Honorius, a portion of the cardinals elect Gregorio de’ Papi, Innocent II. The remainder choose Peter Leonis, Anacletus II, who gains the support of Roger of Sicily. Innocent wins over Bernard of Clairvaux, and, through him, Lothair II.
1132 Lothair goes to Italy against Anacletus and Roger.
1133 Coronation of Lothair by Innocent, who gives him the allodial possessions of the countess Matilda as a fief.
1138 Death of Anacletus settles the disputed election. Gregorio Conti, Victor IV, the new anti-pope, holds out for two months. All Rome acknowledges Innocent.
1139 Great Lateran Council. It condemns Arnold of Brescia. The pope asserts his unlimited power over the episcopal order. Innocent goes to war with Roger of Sicily and is taken prisoner. He is released on recognising Roger’s title and kingdom.
1143 Guido di Castello, Celestine II.
1144 Lucius II. The Roman people carry out the plans of Arnold of Brescia, institute a republic, and accept only the spiritual authority of the pope. Lucius appeals to the emperor, Conrad, in vain.
1145 Death of Lucius while storming the Capitol. The abbot, Bernard, of Pisa, Eugenius III, succeeds. He recovers Rome from Arnold of Brescia. The republic capitulates.
1146 Arnold regains Rome. Eugenius flees to France. He becomes the satellite of Bernard of Clairvaux. Council of Vézelay promotes Second Crusade.
1153 Conrad, bishop of Sabina, Anastasius IV.
1154 Nicholas Breakspear, Adrian IV.
1155 Rome put under religious interdiction. The clergy and people compel the senate to yield. Banishment and execution of Arnold of Brescia. Coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.
1156 Frederick retires to Germany. Alliance of Adrian with Sicily.
1157 Quarrel of Frederick and Adrian.
1158 Frederick goes to Italy to settle quarrel.
1159 Frederick threatened with excommunication. Adrian dies. The election divided: Rolando Ranuci, Alexander III, and Octavian, cardinal of St. Cecilia, Victor IV.
1160 Frederick summons Council of Pavia to decide claim of the two popes. On account of Alexander’s haughty attitude Frederick recognises Victor.
1162 After many struggles with Victor, Alexander takes refuge in France.
1164 Death of Victor. Guido of Crema, Paschal III, chosen by a small faction to succeed as anti-pope. He does not dare enter Rome.
1165 Alexander returns to Rome where the senate receives him.
1167 Frederick takes Rome and installs Paschal. His second coronation by Paschal.
1168 The cause of Paschal much weakened by departure of Frederick. Death of Paschal. John, bishop of Tusculum, Calixtus III succeeds as anti-pope. His power grows weaker.
1176 Frederick makes armistice with pope and Lombards after defeat at Legnano.
1177 Reconciliation of Frederick and Alexander at Venice.
1178 Calixtus abdicates his title. End of the schism.
1181 Ubaldo Allucingoli, Lucius III.
1182 Rebellion in Rome drives Lucius out.
1185 Humbert Crivelli, Urban III. He lives chiefly at Verona. He quarrels with Frederick over several matters.
1187 Death of Urban as he is about to excommunicate Frederick. Albert, cardinal of San Lorenzo, Gregory VIII. He preaches a crusade. He goes to Pisa to settle quarrel between Genoa and Pisa and dies. Paolo Scolari, Clement III.
1188 Clement makes peace with the Roman people.