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The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]». Краткое содержание книги:
1386 Urban orders the imprisoned cardinals (except one) put to death. The doge of Venice compels Urban to leave Genoa; he goes to Lucca.
1387 Urban moves to Perugia.
1388 Urban leaves Perugia for Naples, to which he has laid claim. His army breaks up, and he retires to Rome.
1389 Death of Urban. Pietro Tomacelli, Boniface IX. Clement crowns Louis II of Anjou king of Naples. Boniface adopts a conciliatory spirit and recognises Ladislaus.
1390 The Jubilee brings a great revenue into Boniface’s treasury. He recognises the many dynasties within the papal states.
1392 Through influence of Boniface, who goes to Perugia, the warfare among the states of northern Italy is terminated.
1394 Death of Clement VII. Pedro de Luna, Benedict XIII, anti-pope.
1395 The University of Paris tries without success to heal the schism.
1398 France withdraws its allegiance from Benedict, who resists all efforts to make him abdicate. Scotland and Aragon alone remain faithful to him. Boniface makes himself master of Rome.
1399 Surrender of Benedict, who has been besieged by the French in Avignon. He promises to abdicate if Boniface will do the same.
1400 A reaction in favour of Benedict sets in. Rising of the Colonnas in Rome interferes with the Jubilee. The plague destroys many pilgrims. Edicts against the Bianchi.
1402 Boniface declares Ladislaus king of Hungary.
1403 The Visconti begin to lose their power. Boniface recovers Perugia, Bologna, and other towns by treaty. Benedict escapes from Avignon and recovers the allegiance of France.
1404 Death of Boniface, followed by a rising in Rome. The Orsini defeat the Colonnas. Cosimo de’ Migliorati, Innocent VII. He possesses nothing in Rome but the Vatican and St. Angelo. Ladislaus of Naples comes to Rome to settle differences between pope and Romans.
1405 Innocent takes refuge at Viterbo. Sack of the Vatican by the Roman populace. Ladislaus attempts to seize Rome, and the people return to the pope. Futile negotiations between Innocent and Benedict, who leave France for Genoa.
1406 Benedict at Savona. The University of Paris proceeds against him. Innocent returns to Rome and dies. Angelo di Corraro, Gregory XII.
1408 France, having tried in vain to end the schism, renounces obedience to either pope. Benedict at Perpignan. Ladislaus seizes Rome. Gregory finally settles in Rimini. The cardinals of both parties arrange for a council at Pisa.
1409 Council of Pisa. The two popes refuse to appear, and are deposed. Pietro Philarghi, Alexander V, elected. The greater part of Christendom gives him allegiance, but Gregory is obeyed in Bavaria, Naples, and Friuli, and Benedict in Aragon. The three popes issue bulls of excommunication against each other. Alexander issues bull against heresy in Bohemia.
1410 Rome is captured from Ladislaus by Alexander’s party. Death of Alexander. Baltasare Cossa, John XXII or XXIII. He allies himself with the cause of Louis of Anjou.
1411 On the election of the emperor Sigismund, Germany gives allegiance to John. The pope, Louis, and the Orsini defeat Ladislaus at Roccasecca.
1412 Peace between the pope and Ladislaus, who abandons Gregory. The latter flees from Gaeta to Rimini. John Huss protests against the sale of indulgences, and is excommunicated.
1413 Ladislaus makes treaty, and seizes Rome and other papal possessions. John retreats to Florence, and turns to Sigismund for help. The Council of Constance is agreed on.
1414 Ladislaus enters Rome, but dies shortly after. The people restore Rome to John. John goes to Constance, and opens council. Gregory and Benedict send representatives.
1415 Deposition of John by the council. He is imprisoned. Voluntary abdication of Gregory. Benedict refuses to give up. Perfidious treatment and execution of John Huss.
1416 Execution of Jerome of Prague at Constance.
1417 The council considers measures of reform. Election of Otto di Colonna, Martin V, as pope. Benedict still opposes him. Death of Gregory. Andrea Braccio takes Rome. Sforza and the Neapolitans drive him out, and restore the papal governor.
FROM THE RESTORATION TO THE ERA OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION [1417-1513 A.D.]
1418 Close of the Council of Constance. Martin goes to Italy, accompanied by Sigismund.
1419 Martin fixes his residence at Florence. John is pardoned, and dies.
1420 Martin Sforza assists Louis III of Anjou in his attempts on Naples. Reconciliation of Martin and Braccio. The latter recovers Bologna for the pope. Martin goes to Rome.
1424 Death of Benedict XIII. Some of the cardinals elect Gil de Munion (Ægidius Nuños), Clement VIII, and a single French one elects Benedict XIV. Reform constitution of Martin. Death of Braccio. Martin soon recovers all the papal possessions.
1429 Clement VIII submits to Martin. Cardinal Beaufort’s crusade against the Hussites.
1431 Gabriel Condolmieri, Eugenius IV. He quarrels with the Colonnas, and deprives them of their offices. They take up arms against him, but peace is made. Eugenius favours the Orsini. Opening of the Council of Bâle. It declares itself, in spiritual matters, superior to the pope. Eugenius orders the council dissolved.
1432 The council refuses to dissolve, and accuses the pope of contumacy.
1433 Eugenius revokes his dissolution. Negotiations for a union with the Greek church are begun.
1434 The limits of papal authority fixed by the council. Eugenius gives Francesco Sforza the march of Ancona. Rising in Rome against Eugenius, Niccolo Fortebraccio captures the city. Eugenius escapes to Florence.
1435 Defeat and death of Fortebraccio. Eugenius quarrels with the council.
1436 Eugenius removes to Bologna.
1437 The Council of Bâle summons Eugenius to answer charges; he replies with a bull dissolving council and summoning another at Ferrara, to which the emperor of Constantinople, Joannes VIII, is invited, that a union between the two churches may be effected. The council ignores the bull, and continues its sittings.
1438 The Council of Bâle passes a decree suspending the pope. Opening of the Council of Ferrara attended by the emperor and patriarch of Constantinople. The pope’s fiscal rights annulled in France. The Council of Bâle is henceforth recognised only in Germany.
1439 The council removed to Florence. Union of the Greek and Latin churches effected. It comes to nothing, through hostile influences at Constantinople and the failure of Eugenius to keep his promises. Deposition of Eugenius at Bâle. Amadeus VIII of Savoy, Felix V, elected anti-pope. Eugenius excommunicates the Council of Bâle.
1440 Coronation of Felix.
1441 Felix quarrels with the council over questions of money. General peace in northern Italy concluded at Cremona.
1443 Felix deserts the council, but retains allegiance of Germany. Henceforth it exists only in name. Eugenius leaves Florence for Rome.
1445 Eugenius’ deposition of the archbishop of Cologne and Trèves brings his dispute with the electors of Germany to a climax. The emperor Frederick III comes to his aid.
1446 Treaty between Frederick and Eugenius. Two electors are deposed, and the electors league against the pope.
1447 Through efforts of Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini the obedience of Germany is restored. Death of Eugenius. Tommaso Parentucelli, Nicholas V. Under him the revival of learning properly begins. The Vatican library is founded. Frederick III forbids any allegiance to Felix in Germany.
1448 Nicholas recognised by the German electors. Dissolution of the Council of Bâle.
1449 Abdication of Felix.
1450 Francesco Sforza becomes lord of Milan. Peace restored in Italy.
1451 Nicholas begins great building operations.
1452 Nicholas crowns Frederick III emperor. Cardinal Isidore and a small force are sent to the relief of Constantinople.