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The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]». Краткое содержание книги:
1285 Death of Charles quiets the affairs of Sicily. Giacomo Savelli, Honorius IV.
1287 Honorius prevents ratification of treaty between Aragon and France. Death of Honorius, and owing to disputes, the cardinals fail for ten months to elect a new pope.
1288 Girolamo d’Ascoli, Nicholas IV.
1289 After liberation of Charles the Lame of Naples, the pope absolves him from all conditions, by which he obtains his freedom. The Guelf and Ghibelline contest continues fiercely in the north. Nicholas becomes enslaved to the Colonnas.
1292 Death of Nicholas. The see vacant for over two years.
1294 Election of Pietro di Murrhone, Celestine V, a lowly hermit. The cardinals repent, and compel him to abdicate. Benedict Cajetan, Boniface VIII, elected. He carries the papal pretensions further than any other pope, and prepares the way for the Reformation.
1296 Boniface begins his great struggle with Philip the Fair by issuing a bull excommunicating all princes who tax the clergy. Edward I of England outlaws all the clergy who obey this bull, and Philip retaliates by prohibiting the exportation of gold and silver out of France. Interdiction of Sicily. The Sicilians invade Calabria.
1297 Excommunication of the entire Colonna family because a member of it plundered a papal convoy.
1298 The pope proclaims a crusade against the Colonnas.
1299 Surrender of Palestrina to the papal army. It is razed to the ground.
1300 Plenary indulgence of Boniface.
1301 Boniface is prevented by the English parliament from interfering in the affairs of Scotland. Renewed quarrel with Philip over his imprisonment of the bishop of Pamiers. Charles of Valois is invited into Italy.
1302 Publication of the bull declaring that the church can have only one head.
1303 Philip burns a bull of excommunication issued by Boniface and refuses to acknowledge him as pope. Capture of Boniface by Guillaume de Nogaret. Death of Boniface. Niccolo Boccasini, Benedict XI. He attempts to conciliate France and the Colonna family.
1304 Benedict excommunicates those who take part in the capture of Boniface. Death of Benedict, probably by poison, at the hands of the French party.
THE “BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY” [1305-1378 A.D.]
1305 The influence of Philip the Fair in the College of Cardinals brings about the election of Bertrand d’Agoust, Clement V. The pope does not interfere in Philip’s persecution of the Templars.
1309 The pope removes his residence to Avignon, principally because of the strife between the Orsini and Colonnas, in Rome. He pronounces a fearful ban of excommunication against the Venetians, in a quarrel over the possession of Ferrara. The Venetians driven from Ferrara, which is annexed to the papal states.
1310 Revolt of Ferrara and its severe punishment by the papal government.
1311 Suppression of the Templars at the Council of Vienne.
1314 The pope makes the king of Naples viceroy of Italy. The Guelf party is now in the ascendant. Death of Clement. The see is vacant for over two years.
1316 Jacques d’Euse, John XXI or XXII, of the French party, elected.
1317 The people of Ferrara restore the city to the Este family.
1322 The Visconti capture Cremona, and the whole family is excommunicated. John offers to recognise Frederick of Austria king of Germany, in return for his help. Frederick sends an army to Italy, but withdraws it.
1323 Excommunication of Ludwig IV of Bavaria. The papal forces take Alessandria and Tortona, and lay siege to Milan. Excommunication of Ludwig IV of Bavaria for helping the Visconti.
1324 The papal and Sicilian forces defeated by Galeazzo Visconti at Vaprio.
1326 John incites the duke of Lithuania to attack the Teutonic knights. The papal forces capture Parma and Reggio.
1328 Ludwig IV, crowned in Rome by Sciarra Colonna, obtains a decree from the Roman people that the pope must reside in Rome. John is declared deposed, and Pietro di Corvara, Nicholas V, made pope.
1329 The Ghibellines turn against Ludwig; the Visconti and Este families treat with the pope. Nicholas abdicates, and is imprisoned at Avignon.
1332 John of Bohemia, who has settled the troubles of the Ghibellines, plots with the pope to obtain Italy.
1333 The papal forces defeated at Ferrara. John abandons his designs on Italy, and returns to Bohemia.
1334 The papal party loses most of its captured cities. Death of John, as he is about to be tried for heresy. Jacques Fournier, Benedict XII. He begins to build the palace of the popes at Avignon, and attempts to curb the luxury of the monastic orders.
1338 The German electors declare that the pope has no jurisdiction over Germany.
1342 Pierre Roger, Clement VI. The Romans send an embassy to urge him to return to Rome. He appoints the Fifty Year Jubilee.
1343 Clement renews excommunication of Ludwig.
1347 Revolution of Rienzi in Rome. He is elected tribune, and carries out many reforms. After a defeat of the nobles he commits many extravagant acts, and is compelled to abdicate.
1348 Joanna of Naples sells Avignon to the pope.
1349 The Flagellants declared to be heretics.
1351 Rienzi delivered to the custody of the pope by Charles IV of Germany.
1352 Etienne d’Albert, Innocent VI.
1354 Cardinal Albornoz restores papal power in Rome. Rienzi made senator. He rules badly, and is killed.
1356 The Golden Bull terminates the long strife between papacy and empire.
1362 Guillaume de Grimoard, Urban V. Most of the pope’s enemies have been quieted, but the Visconti still remain in open hostility. The pope desires to return to Rome, since the papal states are reduced to obedience.
1367 Urban removes to Rome. Death of Albornoz.
1370 Urban returns to Avignon and dies. Pierre Roger de Beaufort, Gregory XI. England and France reject his offers of mediation with contempt. Italy, after the death of Albornoz, attempts to free herself from the pope. The Visconti are all-powerful in the north. The whole south revolts. The Free Companies ravage the country. Sir John Hawkwood serves now the Guelfs and now the Ghibellines.
1376 Mission of St. Catherine of Siena to urge the pope to return to Rome.
1377 Arrival of Gregory at Rome.
1378 Death of Gregory.
THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WEST [1378-1417 A.D.]
1378 The Romans urge the election of a Roman pope; under this pressure the cardinals choose Bartolommeo Prignani, Urban VI. The French cardinals immediately band against him, and, withdrawing to Fondi, pronounce the election invalid and elect Robert of Geneva, Clement VII. Germany, England, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, and Italy (except Naples) support Urban. France, Naples, Scotland, Savoy, Lorraine, and the Spanish kingdoms support Clement. Urban resides at Rome; Clement, at Avignon. Urban excommunicates Clement. Wycliffe attacks the papal primacy.
1379 War between the two popes. Bloodshed and strife in Italy. Defeat of Clement’s forces in Urban’s crusade against Naples. St. Angelo surrenders. Clement retreats to Avignon.
1380 Joanna I of Naples attempts to poison Urban, who allies himself with Hungary. Charles of Durazzo reaches Rome on his way to Naples.
1381 Conquest of Naples by Charles of Durazzo and the Hungarians. He takes the throne.
1383 Urban VI goes to Naples, which Louis of Anjou, adopted by Joanna, has invaded. Urban obtains many advantages there for himself and family.
1384 Hostilities arise between Urban and Charles, owing to the former’s arrogance. Louis dies, and his forces are dispersed.
1385 Charles induces several cardinals to plot against Urban. They are seized and tortured. Urban excommunicates Charles, who ignores the bull. Siege and capture of Nocera by Charles’ army. Urban flees to Genoa. Charles goes to Hungary, leaving Naples to his son, Ladislaus.