![The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy] - Читать Любимую Русскую Полную Книгу 👉 Read-E-Book.com](/uploads/posts/books/4/3/9/9/the-historians-history-of-the-world-08-parthians-sassanids-and-arabs-the-crusades-and-the-papacy-download.jpg)
The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]». Краткое содержание книги:
751 Zacharias sanctions the transfer of the French crown to the Carlovingian line.
752 Stephen II dies before his consecration. Usually not reckoned in list of popes. Stephen II or III.
755 Pepin of France forces Aistulf, the Lombard king, to relinquish all territory taken from the exarch and the pope. Ravenna, Pentapolis, and other territory turned over to the pope. “The Donation of Pepin.” The foundations of the papal states are laid. Pepin bestows title of Patrician of Rome on the king of the Franks.
757 Paul I. The Lombards do not encroach upon the papacy.
767 On death of Paul, Toto, duke of Nepi, compels a bishop to ordain one of his brothers, Constantine, a layman. He discharges all the offices of pontiff for a year, when
768 Desiderius, the Lombard king, sends a band to rescue Rome. Constantine is seized. Election of Stephen III or IV. All of Constantine’s acts are declared null and void. Cruel treatment of Constantine.
772 Adrian I. Troubles with the Lombards are renewed. Adrian appeals to Charlemagne.
774 Charlemagne captures Desiderius in Pavia, and assumes title of king of the Lombards. End of the Lombard kingdom. Charlemagne gives a large amount of territory to the pope. “Donation of Charlemagne.” Adrian takes possession of the exarchate, with all power and privileges of a temporal prince.
780 The pope summons Charlemagne to protect him against a coalition of his Byzantine enemies. Peace is purchased.
786 Charlemagne reduces Arichis of Benevento to subjection. The pope’s dominions extend to Calabria.
795 Leo III. He recognises the supremacy of Charlemagne.
799 Assault, attempted mutilation, and imprisonment of Leo by an armed band headed by his nephews. Leo escapes to Charlemagne, but returns to Rome.
800 Charlemagne goes to Rome to inquire into charges against Leo. Leo crowns him emperor. Foundation of the empire of Charlemagne. The pope and emperor begin the upbuilding of the fabric of the Middle Ages. The pope is subordinate to the emperor.
816 Stephen IV. He is unpopular, and makes the Romans swear fealty to the emperor. Is compelled to take refuge with Louis le Débonnaire. Returns to Rome, and dies.
817 Paschal I. Assumes pontificate without imperial sanction. The Romans, admonished by the emperor, agree not to allow this again.
824 Eugenius II.
827 Valentinus dies in five weeks. Gregory IV. He mediates between Louis le Débonnaire and his sons. His pontificate is uneventful, but materially advances pretensions of the hierarchy.
844 Sergius II consecrated without consent of the emperor Lothair. Lothair sends his son, Louis, with an army to Rome, but his meeting with the pope is amicable. Louis II made king of Lombardy.
847 Leo IV. The Saracens invade Italy as far as the gates of Rome. Driven off by Louis. Leo fortifies a portion of Rome, henceforth known as the Leonine city, including the Vatican and church of St. Peter.
850 The “False Decretals” come to light.
855 Benedict III. His election contested by Anastasius, who, at head of armed faction, seizes the Lateran. The imperial legates decide in favour of Benedict, and Anastasius is expelled. Beginning of the strife between Photius and Ignatius for the see of Constantinople, which ends in the permanent schism between the eastern and western churches.
858 Nicholas I. Under him the papacy makes a signal advance in power. He interferes in the quarrel over the patriarchate of Constantinople, espousing the cause of Ignatius, and pronouncing sentence of deposition upon Photius. He adopts and declares authentic the “False Decretals,” thus establishing the principle of the sole legislative power of the pope.
861-864 Humiliation of the archbishops of Cologne, Trèves, and Ravenna. The act of archbishop Hincmar of Rheims in deposing Rothrad, bishop of Soissons, is reversed by Nicholas, on authority of the “False Decretals.”
863 Nicholas forbids Lothair II to divorce his wife.
FROM THE DEATH OF NICHOLAS I TO THE BEGINNING OF THE ERA OF PRACTICAL REFORM [867-1046 A.D.]
867 Adrian II.
868 On death of Lothair II of Lorraine, Adrian attempts to bestow that crown on the emperor Louis II. This extension of the papal prerogatives is not welcome to the German bishops, and they rebuke Adrian.
870 Hincmar renews his struggle with the pope, and the whole Frankish church arrays itself against the power of the pope in dealing directly with bishops.
872 John VIII. During his pontificate, Rome is constantly in danger from the Saracens.
875 John bestows the imperial crown on Charles the Bald, not as his right, but as a gift. Victory over Hincmar and the Frankish church by the appointment of Ansegis as primate of France.
876 Beginning of quarrel with Formosus, bishop of Porto.
877 In league with Athanasius, duke-bishop of Naples, the Saracens reach the walls of Rome. Charles the Bald ignores John’s appeals for help. The pope compelled to pay the Saracens tribute.
878 Lambert, duke of Spoleto, in the interest of the imperial claimant, Carloman, enters Rome, seizes John, and imprisons him. John escapes, and flees to Provence. He returns to Rome.
881 John crowns Charles the Fat emperor.
882 Death of John, possibly murdered. Martin II.
884 Adrian III.
885 Stephen V.
887 On deposition of Charles the Fat the Carlovingian empire comes to an end.
891 Formosus elected by influence of Guido of Spoleto. The papacy enters a period of anarchy. The popes are elevated by whichever rival party is in the ascendant, “obtaining,” says Reichel, “their pontificate by crime, and vacating it by murder.”
896 Boniface VII dies in a few days. The Italian party elects Stephen VI. He mutilates the dead body of Formosus.
897 Stephen imprisoned and strangled. Romanus occupies the see a few months. Theodore II, who belongs to the faction of Formosus.
898 John IX, though of Formosus’ party, submits to the emperor Lambert. The right of plundering the pope’s palace, on his decease, is prohibited.
900 Benedict IV.
901 He crowns Louis of Provence, the rival of Berengar.
903 Leo V. In a few months he is imprisoned by Christopher, one of his chaplains, who secures his own election.
904 Christopher driven from Rome by the soldiers of Berengar. Election of Sergius III. The infamous Theodora and her daughters, Marozia and Theodora, have complete influence over Sergius. They further the aims of Berengar’s party. Complete degradation of the papacy.
911 Anastasius III.
913 Lando.
914 John X, archbishop of Ravenna, is elected through influence of Theodora, whose paramour he is. He proves an able pontiff, and forms a league among the Italian dukes to resist the Saracens, and, in furtherance of this project,
916 crowns Berengar emperor; then, for the first time in the history of the papacy, the pope goes forth to battle, defeats the Saracens, and destroys the fortress of Garigliano.
925 John expels the marquis Alberic, lover or husband of Marozia. Marozia’s power increases. She seizes the castle of St. Angelo. On death of Alberic she marries Duke Guido of Tuscany.
926 Treaty between Hugo of Provence and John.
928 John imprisoned by Marozia’s party, and dies, probably by violence. Leo VI.
929 Stephen VII.
931 John XI, son of Marozia and Sergius III or Alberic, elected through his mother’s influence. Guido is dead, and Marozia marries Hugo of Provence.