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The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]». Краткое содержание книги:
1453 Plot of Stefano Porcaro to re-establish the Roman Republic. It fails, and Porcaro is exiled. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople brings many learned men to Rome, who assist in the Renaissance. Nicholas proclaims a crusade against the Turks.
1454 League of Lodi.
1455 Alfonso Borgia, Calixtus III. His election is unpopular.
1456 Calixtus proclaims war against the Turks. The papal fleet is sent, but only wins a few unimportant victories.
1458 At death of Alfonso of Naples, Calixtus claims Naples, which he wants for a fief for his nephew, Pedro. These plans are terminated by Calixtus’ death. Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II. He recognises Ferdinand as king of Naples.
1459 Congress of Mantua. Pius dreams of converting Muhammed to Christianity.
1460 Publication of the bull “Execrabilis” in which appeals to future councils are condemned. Revolt of Tiburzio in Rome. Pius returns from Mantua and subdues it.
1463 Excommunication of George of Bohemia. Pius issues bull retracting opinions he held at the Council of Bâle.
1464 In league with Venice and Hungary, Pius starts a crusade against the Turks. He dies at Ancona and the crusade is abandoned. Pietro Barbo, Paul II. He is apathetic about the crusade. The moral corruption of the court begins to alienate the respect of Germany.
1465 Paul recovers the patrimony from the sons of Everso di Anguillara.
1469 Departure of Frederick III from Rome—the last appearance of an emperor in Rome.
1470 Paul resigns his claim to Rimini. Publication of statutes for the government of Rome.
1471 Francesco della Rovere, Sixtus IV. He pursues a policy of family aggrandisement. He attempts a new crusade.
1472 The papal fleet plunders the Turkish coast, but makes little effect.
1478 Sixtus tacitly abets the conspiracy against the Medici. Interdiction of Florence for the execution of Archbishop Salviati. War declared on the Florentines who are in alliance with the king of Naples. Louis XI of France fails in offers of mediation.
1480 Peace arranged. The conquest of Otranto by the Turks unites all Italy (except Venice) against the invaders. Absolution of Florence.
1481 The Turks surrender Otranto after death of Muhammed II. Girolamo Riario seizes Forlì.
1482 Sixtus goes to war with Ferrara. Feuds in Rome. Victory at Campo Morto of Roberto Malatesta, the papal general. Peace with Ferrara.
1483 Excommunication of Venice for not making peace with Ferrara. Savonarola begins to preach.
1484 Sixtus attacks the Colonnas in his designs to increase power of Girolamo Riario. Death of Sixtus. The Romans attack Riario and other members of the pope’s family. Giovanni Battista Cibo, Innocent VIII.
1485 Siege of Rome by Virginio Orsini in a quarrel at the instigation of Naples. Innocent intimidated. Relief of Rome by Roberto Sanseverino.
1486 Rumours of French intervention lead the cardinals to urge the pope to make peace with Ferdinand, which he does in a manner favourable to Naples.
1487 Alliance of Innocent with Lorenzo de’ Medici.
1489 Djem, brother of Bajazet II, arrives a prisoner in Rome. Innocent claims the kingdom of Naples because Ferdinand will not pay tribute.
1492 Peace made between the pope and Naples after three years of bickering. Death of Innocent. Rodrigo Borgia, Alexander VI. He suppresses the disorder in Rome occasioned by Innocent’s death. Naples offers obedience.
1493 Lodovico Il Moro arrays the pope, Milan, and Venice against Florence and Naples and invites Charles VIII of France to revive the Anjou claim to Naples. Alexander divides the lands of the new world between the Spanish and Portuguese. Peace made with Naples.
1494 Close alliance of the pope and Naples. Charles VIII arrives in Italy.
1495 Charles in Rome. The pope comes to terms with him and receives the obedience of France. Djem is delivered to Charles. Death of Djem, probably due to natural causes and not to poison administered by the pope, as usually believed. The pope joins a league to expel Charles from Naples. Charles’ retreat. Inundation of Rome.
1496 Alexander makes war upon the Orsini.
1497 Excommunication of Savonarola. Peace with the Orsini. Divorce of Lucrezia Borgia from Giovanni Sforza. Murder of Alexander’s son, the duke of Gandia, who has been made duke of Benevento. Alexander’s mock plans for reform.
1498 The Orsini and Colonnas make peace in order to unite against the pope. Alexander allies himself with France. His object is the consolidation of Italy. Execution of Savonarola.
1499 Venice joins the pope and France against Milan. Louis XII captures Milan.
1500 Cesare Borgia captures Imola and Forlì. Murder of Lucrezia’s third husband, Alfonso of Este, at instigation of Cesare. Year of Jubilee. Indulgences sold in foreign countries.
1501 Conquest of the Romagna by Cesare Borgia completed. Conquest of Naples by the French. The Colonnas submit to the pope.
1502 Cesare seizes Urbino and Sinigaglia.
1503 The pope takes violent measures against the Orsini family. Death of Alexander. Francesco Piccolomini, Pius III. His great desire is for peace. Cesare’s dominions begin to fall to pieces. Death of Pius after a rule of less than four weeks. Giuliano della Rovere, Julius II. He imprisons Cesare.
1504 Liberation of Cesare, who is again imprisoned and sent to Spain. His domains are restored to the papacy. Inquisition introduced into Naples. Julius begins to practise nepotism.
1505 Treaty between the pope and Venice.
1506 Foundation of the present St. Peter’s cathedral laid. Capture of Perugia and Bologna by Julius.
1507 The emperor Maximilian plans to unite the empire and papacy.
1508 League of Cambray against Venice.
1509 Julius joins the league and excommunicates the Venetians. Defeat of Venice at Agnadello.
1510 Venice makes humiliating terms with Julius and is absolved. France placed under the ban. At synod of Tours the French bishops withdraw obedience and seek to depose Julius. Julius makes an alliance with the Swiss. The Swiss guard of the pope still exists. Julius makes war on the duchy of Ferrara.
1511 Julius besieges and captures Mirandola. Failure of the expedition against Ferrara. The “Holy League” of the papacy. Ferdinand and Venice to recover Bologna, captured by the French. Gaston de Foix continues hostilities against Ferrara and Venice.
1512 Successes of Gaston de Foix. His death at the battle of Ravenna. Many cities surrender to the Holy League. Opening of the Lateran Council to consider the schismatic French bishops. Julius recovers Bologna.
1513 Death of Julius.
THE POPES FROM THE DEATH OF JULIUS II. [1513-1903 A.D.]
(The main political events of the papacy during this period are treated in the History of Italy; the list of popes is continued here for the sake of completeness.)
1513 Leo X, Giovanni de’ Medici. Concordat with Francis I concerning appointment of French bishops (1515). Authorisation of sale of indulgences (1517) brings about the Reformation. Annexes Urbino and Perugia to the papal states. Alliance with Charles V against Francis I. A great patron of literature and art.
1522 Adrian VI, tutor of Charles V. Attempts reforms, but is unable to stay the progress of the Reformation.
1523 Clement VII, Giulio de’ Medici. Enters the league against Charles V. Imprisoned at the sack of Rome (1527). Forbids the divorce of Henry VIII (1534).
1534 Paul III, Alessandro Farnese. Approves the establishment of the Jesuits (1540) and calls Council of Trent (1545). Makes his son duke of Parma and Piacenza.
1550 Julius III (Gianmaria de’ Medici).
1555 Marcellus II, Marcellus Cervius, dies in three weeks. Paul IV, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, intolerant and tyrannical. Quarrels with Philip II of Spain who besieges Rome and makes Paul sue for peace.