![The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy] - Читать Любимую Русскую Полную Книгу 👉 Read-E-Book.com](/uploads/posts/books/4/3/9/9/the-historians-history-of-the-world-08-parthians-sassanids-and-arabs-the-crusades-and-the-papacy-download.jpg)
The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 08 [Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy]». Краткое содержание книги:
Theology declares that every man has this struggle to pass through, since he is by nature evil, and only by passing through a state of mental laceration arrives at the certainty of reconciliation. But granting this, it must on the other hand be maintained that the form of the contest is very much altered when the conditions of its commencement are different, and when that reconciliation has had an actual realisation. The path of torturous discipline is in that case dispensed with (it does indeed make its appearance at a later date, but in quite a different form), for the waking up of consciousness finds man surrounded by the elements of a moral state of society. The phase of negation is, indeed, a necessary element in human development, but it has now assumed the tranquil form of education, so that all the terrible characteristics of that inward struggle vanish.c
FOOTNOTES
[83] [In the words of Bryce,b “Nascent feudalism was but one remove from anarchy.”]
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
[The letter a is reserved for Editorial Matter.]
Chapter I. Origin of the Crusades
b J. F. Michaud, History of the Crusades.
c Charles Mills, History of the Crusades.
Chapter II. The First Crusade
b E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
c Fr. Wilken, Geschichte der Kreuzzüge.
d J. F. Michaud, Bibliothèque des Croisades (including many Arab accounts).
e Victor Duruy, Histoire du Moyen Age.
Chapter III. The Second Crusade
b E. Gibbon, op. cit.
c Charles Mills, History of the Crusades.
d L. von Ranke, Weltgeschichte.
e “Imad ad-Din” and others in Michaud’s Bibliothèque des Croisades.
Chapter IV. The Third Crusade
b Charles Mills, op. cit.
c J. F. Michaud, op. cit.
d “Imad ad-Din” quoted in Michaud’s Bibliothèque des Croisades.
e Richard Devizes, Chronicle Concerning the Deeds of King Richard the First, King of England.
f Boha ad-Din, Life of Saladin.
g Geoffrey de Vinsauf, Itinerary of Richard I and others to the Holy Land.
h Roger of Hoveden, Historia post Bedam.
i Thomas Fuller, Holy War.
j Abulfeda, History of the Human Race.
k J. F. Michaud, Bibliothèque des Croisades.
Chapter V. The Fourth to the Sixth Crusades
b V. Duruy, op. cit.
c Charles Mills, op. cit.
d J. F. Michaud, op. cit.
e A. Jourdain, A Letter to Michaud on the Children’s Crusade.
f Fuller, op. cit.
g Geoffrey de Villehardouin, Conquête de Constantinople.
Chapter VI. The Last Crusades
b C. Mills, op. cit.
c Matthew of Paris, Historia Major.
d Fuller, op. cit.
e V. Duruy, op. cit.
f John de Joinville, Memoirs of Louis IX.
g Makrizi, The Book of Paths for the Knowledge of Kings.
Chapter VII. Consequences of the Crusades
b J. G. von Herder, Philosophy of the History of Man.
c C. Mills, op. cit.
d E. Gibbon, op. cit.
e Choiseul d’Aillecourt, De l’influence des Croisades.
Appendix. Feudalism
b James Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire.
c G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of History.
d Carl Spannagel, Zur Geschichte des Deutschen Heerwesens vom X bis zum XII Jahrhundert.
e Otto von Freising, Chronik.
f Philippe de Beaumanoir, Coutumes de Beauvaisis.
g Guibert de Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos.
h William of Tyre, Historia belli sacri.
i V. Duruy, Histoire du Moyen Age.
j Paul von Roth, Feudalität und Unterthanenverband.
BOOK II. THE PAPACY
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE PAPACY
THE BISHOPS OF ROME [42-590 A.D.]
The early history of the Papacy is involved in much obscurity. For the early centuries we shall attempt little more than to repeat the names of the successive bishops, as accepted by the traditions of the church of Rome. According to these traditions, the Apostle Peter founded the Church in the year 42 (modern criticism does not accept this date, which is almost surely too early by about a score of years); he was martyred in 67, and succeeded by Linus, who was followed in 79 by Cletus or Anacletus. 91, Clement I or Clemens Romanus. Some writers make him the third bishop in 68 A.D. 100, Evarestus.
109 Alexander I. The political life of Rome extinguished by the empire, begins to revive in the organisation of the Christian church. 119, Sixtus I. 129, Telesphorus. 139, Hyginus. 143, Pius I. 157, Anicetus. 168, Soter. 177, Eleutherius. 193, Victor I. The bishop of Rome is beginning to assume supremacy over other bishops. This is resented in some quarters.
202 Zephyrinus. 219, Calixtus I. 223, Urban I. 230, Pontianus. 235, Anterius. 236, Fabianus. 251, Cornelius. 252, Lucius I. 253, Stephen I. 257, Sixtus II. 259, Dionysius. 269, Felix I. 275, Eutychianus. 283, Caius. 296, Marcellinus.