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The Great Events by Famous Historians [Volumes 1-14]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Great Events by Famous Historians [Volumes 1-14]». Краткое содержание книги:
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 02 / (From the Rise of Greece to the Christian Era)
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 03
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 04
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 05 / (From Charlemagne to Frederick Barbarossa)
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 06 / (From Barbarossa to Dante)
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 07
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 08 / The Later Renaissance: from Gutenberg to the Reformation
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 09
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 10
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 11
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 13
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 14
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 17
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 21 / The Recent Days (1910-1914)
1232. Distracted by civil wars the Moors in Spain are defeated at Seville by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile, and lose the Balearic Islands to James, King of Aragon.
1233. Conrad of Marburg, the first inquisitor of Germany, put to death for his cruelty.
Coal first discovered near Newcastle, England.
1234. Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal power and seize his revenues; he appeals to Emperor Frederick II for assistance.
1235. Marriage of Frederick II to Isabella, sister of Henry III of England. He forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players.
1236. Ezzelino da Romano, the Ghibelline leader, joins Emperor Frederick II in war upon the Lombard League.
Cordova recovered from the Moors by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile.
1237. Battle of Cortenuova; victory of Frederick II over the Lombard League.
Union of the Knights Swordbearers, founded 1186, with the Teutonic
Knights in Prussia; they extend their conquests.
1238. League of Venice, Genoa, and Pope Gregory IX against Frederick II.
Establishment of the Moorish kingdom of Granada, Spain.
1239. Frederick II, having married his natural son, Enzio, to Adelaide, heiress of the two principalities of Torri and Gallura, creates him king of Sardinia. Pope Gregory IX claims the island and excommunicates the Emperor, denouncing him as a heretic and absolving his subjects from their allegiance.
1240. Emperor Frederick II advances against Pope Gregory IX and threatens Rome. The Pope declares a crusade against him.
Batu Khan, at the head of Mongols of the Golden Horde, overruns and devastates Russia.
On the Neva, Alexander, Prince of Novgorod, gains a great victory over the Swedes.
1241. Hamburg and Lubeck form an alliance to protect their commerce. See "RISE OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE," vi, 214.
Central Europe is invaded by the Mongols, or Tartars, who vanquish the Silesians, Poles, and Teutonic Knights at Wahlstatt; they defeat the Hungarians on the Sajo.
A Pisan and Sicilian fleet, by order of Frederick II, captures twenty-two Genoese galleys in which cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, summoned by the Pope, were proceeding to hold a council at Rome; the prisoners were held at Naples and Apulia.
1242. Aldermen first elected in London.
Asia Minor is invaded by the Mongols.
Alexander Nevski, son of Jaroslav, defeats the Swedes and Knights
Swordbearers at Lake Peipus.
1243. Frederick II urges the cardinals to appoint a pope; he releases some of his prisoners to attend the conclave.
1244. Jerusalem is stormed and sacked by the Kharesmians.
Pope Innocent IV escapes from Rome and fixes his court at Lyons.
Earliest use of the word "parliament" in England.
1245. Thirteenth general council (Lyons) convened by Pope Innocent IV; it proclaims the deposition of Frederick II. A new crusade is ordered.
End of the Babenberg dynasty in Austria.
1246. Ferdinand, assisted by the Moors of Granada, lays siege to Seville.
1247. Parma, recovered by the papal party, is besieged by Frederick II.
1248. First crusade of Louis IX of France. See "Louis IX LEADS THE LAST CRUSADE," vi, 275.
Seville is wrested from the Moors by St. Ferdinand of Leon and
Castile.
Emperor Frederick II compelled to raise the siege of Parma.
1249. Damietta is captured by the crusaders.
1250. Battle of Mansourah; total defeat of the crusaders by the Egyptians; King Louis IX captured with his army; they are released on restoring Damietta and promising to abstain from future hostilities.
Turan Shah, Sultan of Egypt, assassinated by the mamelukes. See
"MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN EGYPT," vi, 240.
Death of Emperor Frederick II; his son Conrad succeeds as king of Italy; he is acknowledged as king of Germany by most of the temporal princes. William II, Count of Holland, assisted by the ecclesiastical states and the papal party, contests the imperial dignity.
Waldeman, King of Sweden, introduces the mariner's compass among the navigators of the Baltic.
Florence adopts a democratic government; peace obtained between the
Guelfs and Ghibellines.
1251. Ottocar, son of Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, acquires Austria. Pope Innocent IV returns to Italy; he visits Genoa, Milan, and other cities, and fixes his residence in Perugia.
1252. Crusading movement of the "Pastors." This originated in France on receipt of the news of St. Louis' expedition; there occurred an outbreak of fanaticism as insensate as that of the Children's Crusade. A Hungarian, named Jacob, proclaimed that Christ rejected the great ones of the earth, and that the deliverance of the Holy City must be accomplished by the poor and humble. Shepherds left their flocks, laborers laid down the plough, to follow his footsteps. "Pastors" was the name given to these village crusaders.
1253. Founding of the Sorbonne in Paris for secular ecclesiastics; its decisions on religious questions were deemed final.
1254. Death of Conrad IV, last of the Hohenstaufen emperors; his heir is Conradin, his infant son. In Germany, William is acknowledged; Pope Innocent IV attempts to wrest the Two Sicilies from the Hohenstaufens; he is defeated by the regent Manfred, uncle of Conradin.
Pope Innocent IV dies at Naples. Alexander IV is elected.
1255. Bills of exchange in favor of Italian merchants drawn at Rome on the English bishops and abbots, which they are compelled to pay.
1256. Death of William of Holland in battle against the Frisians.
1257. Rival election in Germany of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and Alfonso of Castile as kings of the Romans. The reign of both is only nominal.
1258. In England the barons form a council to advise or command the King. See "THE MAD PARLIAMENT," vi, 246.
Genoa and Venice engage in their first great conflict; the combined fleets of Venice and Pisa defeat the Genoese.
Manfred is crowned king of the Two Sicilies.
Hulaku Khan founds the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans and ends the caliphate of Bagdad.
1259. Treaty of Abbeville between Henry III, King of England, and Louis IX (St. Louis) of France.
1260. Ottocar II of Bohemia secures Styria by defeating Bela IV of Hungary.
1261. Overthrow of the Latin Empire of the East; Michael Palaeologus, assisted by Genoese forces, instals the Palaeologi dynasty on the Eastern throne; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks. The Genoese are given important naval stations, and the Venetians are excluded from the Black Sea.
1262. Beginning of the barons' war in England; the kingly power is restored to Henry III by parliament; his son Edward brings in a foreign army to support him.
1263. Last invasion of Scotland by the Norwegians repulsed by King Alexander III.
1264. Henry III and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, are defeated and taken prisoners at Lewes by Simon de Montfort at the head of the English barons.
1265. Representation of the commons in parliament is granted by Simon de Montfort. At the battle of Evesham he is defeated and slain; the authority of the King is restored.
Birth of Dante.
1266. Magnus, King of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to Scotland.
Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily.
Florentine nobles (Grandi) are excluded from all part in the government of Florence.
1267. Conradin enters Italy with an army; a large part of Sicily declares in his favor.
1268. In attempting to recover the Two Sicilies from Charles, Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, is captured and executed.
Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquers the Christian principalities of Antioch and Joppa. See "MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN EGYPT," vi, 240.
Louis IX, by a pragmatic sanction, resists the papal claim to nominate bishops in France.