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The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]». Краткое содержание книги:
938 Otto quells rebellion of the dukes of Bavaria and Franconia and his own half brother Thankmar, who falls at the battle on the Eresburg.
939 Rebellion of Otto’s brother Henry aided by the duke of Lorraine. They are defeated at Birten, and call on French for help.
941 Henry, forgiven, becomes a firm ally of Otto, and is made duke of Bavaria (946).
944 Otto makes Conrad the Red, duke of Lorraine.
948 Otto appoints his son, Ludolf, duke of Swabia.
946-950 Otto interferes in the civil wars of France.
950 Successful war with the Wends. Submission of the duke of Bohemia.
951 First expedition of Otto into Italy to avenge wrongs of Adelheid. Marriage of Otto and Adelheid. Berengar II submits to Otto.
953 Rebellion of Ludolf and Conrad.
954 First invasion of the Magyars, joined by the rebels. Ludolf and Conrad submit but are deprived of their duchies. Subjection of Bavaria by Henry.
955 Great victory over the Hungarians on the Lechfeld. They do not again invade Germany. Otto conducts a victorious expedition against the Wends. The Bavarian Ostmark (afterwards duchy of Austria) re-established.
961 The pope appeals to Otto for help against Berengar II. Otto goes to Italy and deposes Berengar and Adalbert. Otto’s son Otto II crowned king of Germany.
962 Otto crowned emperor by John XII. Union of the German kingdom and the empire. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
THE SAXON EMPERORS (962-1024 A.D.)
Otto discards title of Rex Francorum Orientalium for that of Imperator Augustus. The pope realises that Otto will be a hard master and allies himself with the deposed Adalbert.
963 Otto captures Rome and deposes John XII. Leo VIII is elected in his place.
964 The Romans rebel and replace John. Berengar compelled to surrender in an attempt to recover Italy. Death of John and election of Benedict V. Otto takes Rome a second time and restores Leo VIII. He returns to Germany carrying Benedict with him.
967 Otto avenges the deposition of Leo’s successor, John XIII, by great cruelty to the Romans. Otto summons Otto II to Rome, where John XIII gives him the imperial crown. Two great maxims of the empire are established.
(1) The election of the pope to be invalid without consent of emperor.
(2) The German king to be king of Italy and Rome, though not to assume imperial title until crowned by the pope.
968 Invasion of the Greek provinces by Otto on account of difficulties over the marriage arrangements of Otto II and Theophano, daughter of the Byzantine emperor. The matter is pacifically arranged on accession of Joannes Zimisces.
973 Death of Otto I. Otto II sole possessor of the royal and imperial titles.
976 Conspiracy of Otto’s cousin, Henry the Wrangler, of Bavaria, who has caused himself to be crowned at Ratisbon. He is defeated and deposed.
977 War with France over Lorraine. Narrow escape of Otto at Aachen.
980 Peace with France. Otto holds Lorraine as a benefice of France.
981 Otto goes to Rome to settle internecine quarrels.
982 Otto invades southern Italy in an attempt to conquer the Byzantine provinces. After a victory he encounters defeat by the Greeks and their Saracen allies in Calabria.
983 The Danes and Wends successfully invade the northern provinces. Death of Otto. His three-year-old son Otto III succeeds as king of Germany and Italy. Theophano conducts regency in Germany, and Adelheid in Italy.
991 Death of Theophano. Adelheid and Willigis, archbishop of Cologne, assume regency in Germany.
995 Otto takes up conduct of affairs.
996 Otto summoned to Rome on account of difficulties between the Pope and Crescentius, the Roman consul. Coronation of Otto as emperor by Gregory V. Crescentius swears obedience to Otto, but breaks his oath.
998 Otto comes a second time to Rome and puts Crescentius to death.
999 Otto and Pope Silvester II plan for a great union of the Eastern and Western Empires under Otto.
1000 A widespread belief that the world will end this year brings great troops of pilgrims to Rome. Poland acknowledges the supremacy of the emperor.
1001 Revolt of the Romans.
1002 Death of Otto. The nobles and bishops of Italy at once choose Arduin, marquis of Ivrea, king of Italy. He is crowned at Pavia. The Germans, after a bitter contest, elect Henry II, son of Henry the Wrangler, king of Germany.
1004 Henry, having pacified Germany, marches against the unpopular Arduin, is proclaimed king of Italy and crowned. The Germans burn Pavia. War with Poland compels Henry to return to Germany without reducing Arduin.
Boleslaw, duke of Poland, has seized Bohemia, and Henry compels him to give it up, but Boleslaw continues to wage war for some years. War with Flanders. Baldwin reduced to submission, but he obtains the country of Valenciennes and a large part of Zeeland.
1014 Henry proceeds a second time against Arduin, who gives up resistance and retires to a monastery. Coronation of Henry as emperor at Rome.
1015 The Normans settle in southern Italy.
1016 Rudolf III of Burgundy surrenders his crown to Henry, holding the kingdom until his death.
1018 Peace made with Poland.
1021 Henry proceeds against the Byzantines in southern Italy. The newly arrived Normans assist him. Capua and Salerno are reduced, but the plague compels him to withdraw (1022). Henry exhorts the Lombards and Normans to expel the Greeks.
1024 Death of Henry without issue.
THE FRANCONIAN OR SALIAN EMPERORS (1024-1137 A.D.)
1024 Election of Conrad II of Carinthia to the kingship of Germany. Insurrection in Pavia. The crown of Italy offered to various French nobles, but they refuse it.
1025 Revolt of Duke Ernst of Swabia.
1026 Conrad proceeds to Italy. Crowned king of Italy at Milan. Pavia and Ravenna reduced to submission by force.
1027 Coronation of Conrad as emperor. Schleswig abandoned to the Danes.
1030 Disastrous invasion of the Poles. Ten thousand Germans carried to Poland.
1031 Conrad forces Poles to restore captives and reunites Lusatia to the empire.
1033 Conrad unites Burgundy to the empire after a struggle with a claimant, Count Eudes of Champagne.
1035 Civil war in Lombardy brings Conrad to Italy.
1037 Promulgation of the feudal edict of Conrad. Fruitless siege of Milan. Conrad withdraws on account of pestilence.
1039 Death of Conrad. His son Henry III, already crowned king of Germany (1026), succeeds. Height of the imperial power. Civil war in Italy continues.
1041 Campaign against Bretislaw of Bohemia, who offers his country as a fief of the crown.
1042-1044 Campaign against Hungary where German supremacy is first asserted. King Peter becomes a vassal of the empire.
1044 Fall of Milan before Henry.
1046 At council of Sutri Henry deposes the three rival popes, and puts Clement II in the holy see. He also nominates the three succeeding popes.
1047 Clement crowns Henry emperor. Henry goes to southern Italy and invests the Normans with the territories they have conquered. He afterwards repents of this generosity, and helps Leo IX against the encroaching strangers.
1049 After a long struggle with Gottfried of Lorraine the duchy is given to Gerhard, the ancestor of the modern house of Lorraine.
1052 Henry gives up a contest with the great dukes, who fear he is attempting to bring the duchies under his direct authority. He besieges Pressburg for ten months, but suddenly abandons it.
1055 Henry returns to Italy to contend with the powerful duke of Tuscany.
1056 Death of Henry. His son Henry IV, six years old, succeeds. He has been crowned king two years before. The empress Agnes is the regent, but she is carefully watched by Henry, archbishop of Augsburg. Rebellion of Otto of Thuringia, against the young king, put down.
1062 Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, abducts the king from the custody of the archbishop of Augsburg. The influence of Agnes ends. Hanno finds a powerful rival in Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen, who controls the supreme power in 1065.