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The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
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553 Narses rules Italy in the Byzantine emperors’ names as an exarch. He holds court at Ravenna.
562 Narses takes Verona and Brixia (Brescia).
565 Narses recalled to Constantinople by an insulting message from the empress. It is said that on account of this he invites the Lombard chief, Alboin, to seize Italy. Longinus succeeds him.
568 Invasion of Alboin, the king of the Lombards, assisted by the Gepids. He wrests northern and central Italy as far as the Tiber from the Byzantines. Venice, Ravenna, Genoa and the Liguria, Naples, and southern Italy except Beneventum, continue to form the exarchate, and their history is part of the eastern division of the empire. We must now distinguish three centres of rule in Italy—Pavia, the Lombard capital; Ravenna, the strong seat of the Byzantine exarchate, while at Rome, to which the Lombard power is only feebly extended, the pope is fast acquiring strength and influence. THE LOMBARD KINGDOM OF ITALY (568-774 A.D.)
Alboin, before his invasion of Italy, had conquered the Gepids with the aid of the Avars (567). Then together with the Gepids he sweeps down upon Italy in 568.
571 Capture of Pavia after a three years’ resistance. Alboin makes it his capital.
573 Murder of Alboin by his wife, Rosamund, because, it is said, he attempts to make her drink from the skull of her father, the Gepid king. Cleph succeeds. He extends the Lombard conquests into southern Italy.
575 Cleph is assassinated, and the dukes do not elect another sovereign for ten years. No central power.
584 Election of Authari, son of Cleph, to the throne.
588 Smaragdus, the Byzantine exarch, forms a coalition of the Franks, Romans, and Avars to destroy the Lombards. It comes to nothing. The Lombards begin to be converted to orthodoxy.
590 Agilulf succeeds Authari. Territory in northeast Italy, including Cremona, conquered from the exarch. Continuance of conversion to orthodox Catholicism by Gregory the Great.
593 Agilulf threatens to invade Rome, but is bought off by Gregory.
615 Adalwald succeeds his father; he is poisoned, and
625 Ariwald elected. He is an Arian.
636 Rothari succeeds to the throne. He conquers Genoa and the Liguria from the exarchate.
642 The exarch and the Romans suffer a great defeat at hands of Rothari on the banks of the Scultenna (Tanaro).
644 Publication of the Lombard code of laws.
652 Rodwald succeeds his father.
653 Assassination of Rodwald. Aribert I, a Bavarian, elected king. He proscribes Arianism.
661 Aribert succeeded by his sons Perctarit and Godebert.
662 Grimwald, duke of Benevento, usurps the throne. He completes conversion of the Lombards.
671 Perctarit reinstated.
686 Death of Perctarit. His son Cunincbert succeeds.
700 Liutbert succeeds. Is dethroned by 701 Raginbert. Aribert II also king the same year.
712 Ansprand defeats Aribert in battle and takes throne. Death of Ansprand. Liutprand, his son, succeeds. Liutprand is a great prince and sets out to complete the subjugation of Italy, but succeeds only in breaking up the independence of the two southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.
726 On account of iconoclastic controversy, Gregory II allies himself with Liutprand and throws off allegiance to the Byzantine Empire. The autonomy of Rome is established.
728 Liutprand captures Classis near Ravenna, but the exarch Eutychius retakes it the following year. The pope appeals to Charles Martel for aid against the Lombards in vain.
744 Liutprand’s nephew Hildebrand succeeds on his death, but is shortly deposed and Ratchis made king. He continues Liutprand’s plan of conquest but is also deposed, 749 and enters a monastery. His brother Aistulf succeeds.
751 Aistulf captures Ravenna. The Byzantine Empire loses all possessions in central Italy. Pepin, Austrasian mayor of the palace, responds to the continued appeals of the pope for assistance against the Lombards.
753 Pepin forces Aistulf to sue for peace.
755 Aistulf violates peace and with the northern and Beneventine Lombards attacks Rome. Pepin comes a second time, and forces Aistulf to relinquish all his acquisitions. Ravenna, Pentapolis, and other territory turned over to the pope, and the first foundations of the papal states are laid. The Byzantine possessions are confined to southern Italy. Venice remains independent though nominally subject to Constantinople.
756 Death of Aistulf. Desiderius, duke of Tuscany, succeeds. He allies himself with the Greeks against the pope and the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento.
771 On accession of Pope Adrian I, quarrels with papacy break out. Desiderius plunders the territory of Rome. Adrian appeals to Charlemagne, who is Desiderius’ father-in-law, for help.
774 Charlemagne captures Desiderius in Pavia, and assumes title of king of the Lombards. End of the Lombard kingdom. The Lombards become incorporated with the Italian population, and their country is one of the great provinces of Italy, until the Lombard cities regain their independence (1183). THE FRANKISH KINGS AND EMPERORS IN NORTH AND CENTRAL ITALY (774-888 A.D.)
774-781 Charlemagne (Charles the Great) remains the king of the Lombards. The pope retains the territory granted him by Pepin.
780 The pope summons Charles against a coalition of the Byzantines and the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento.
781 Charlemagne crowns his son Pepin “king of Italy.” This is the first time the title is used.
786 Charlemagne reduces Arichis of Benevento to subjection. The Italian dominions now extend to Calabria, although Benevento never becomes entirely dependent.
800 Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor.
812 Death of Pepin. His son Bernhard succeeds.
817 The emperor Louis I, le Débonnaire, arranges for his succession, which arrangement does not please Bernhard and he rebels. Louis captures Bernhard, puts out his eyes, and takes the crown of Italy. Death of Bernhard.
822 Louis makes his son Lothair I king of Italy.
840 Death of Louis.
843 At Treaty of Verdun, Lothair confirmed as emperor, receives Italy as part of his kingdom.
844 Louis II, son of Lothair, is crowned king of Italy.
850 Louis shares the imperial dignity with his father.
855 Lothair gives up the reins of government, and retiring to a monastery, dies same year.
875 On death of Louis, his uncle Charles the Bald invades Italy and seizes the crown. The pope crowns him emperor.
877 The pope summons Charles to drive the Saracens from Italy, but he dies on the way. Carloman of Bavaria, son of Ludwig the German, seizes the crown of Italy.
879 On death of Carloman the crown comes to his brother Charles the Fat.
888 Deposition of Charles the Fat. The empire which, during his reign, has been restored to the extent of Charlemagne’s dominions is again sundered. THE QUASI-ITALIAN SUCCESSION (888-962 A.D.)
888 Italy (excepting, of course, the papal dominions and the territory under control of the Byzantine Empire) is now divided between Berengar of Friuli (grandson of Louis le Débonnaire) and Guido of Spoleto. The estate of Lombardy chooses Berengar I king.
889 Guido, disappointed in his hopes of obtaining the crown of France, returns to Italy and drives Berengar into Germany.