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The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]». Краткое содержание книги:
891 Guido and his son Lambert crowned emperors by Pope Formosus.
894 Death of Guido. His son Lambert succeeds as sole emperor.
896 The East Frankish king Arnulf invades Italy on request of the exiled Berengar, and is crowned emperor.
898 Death of Lambert. Berengar regains his kingdom. During these struggles the Saracens make frequent incursions into Italy.
900 The Magyars invade Italy and badly defeat Berengar. This is the cause of much dissatisfaction with Berengar among the nobles.
901 Louis of Provence invades Italy, and is crowned emperor Louis III by Benedict IV. Berengar flees to Germany, but returns and regains possession of his kingdom the following year (902).
905 After many struggles Berengar captures Louis and puts out his eyes.
915 Berengar crowned emperor by John X in reward for exertions against the Saracens.
921 Conspiracy of nobles against Berengar; the crown offered to Rudolf II of Burgundy. Berengar calls in aid of the Magyars.
924 The people of Verona, disgusted at Berengar’s alliance, slay him. The Hungarians pillage Pavia and withdraw from Italy. Rudolf of Burgundy succeeds.
926 Rudolf retires to Burgundy, owing to lack of support in Italy. Hugo, count of Arles, is placed on the throne by a powerful party.
931 Hugo associates his son, Lothair II, in the kingship. They are little more than puppets in the hands of a demoralised aristocracy. Hugo fails in attempt to obtain imperial dignity. He renounces his possessions in Provence to Rudolf on condition that the latter make no further attempts upon Italy.
946 Berengar, marquis of Ivrea, takes up arms against Hugo on account of his tyranny and oppression. Hugo dethroned. Lothair retains title, but Berengar is real ruler.
950 Death of Lothair. Berengar II and his son Adalbert are elected kings of Italy. Berengar tries to compel Adelheid, widow of Lothair, to marry Adalbert. On her refusal he treats her most cruelly.
951 On account of Adelheid’s wrongs Otto I, the East Frankish king, invades Italy and compels the two kings to become his vassals. Otto marries Adelheid.
962 Deposition of Berengar and Adalbert. Otto crowned emperor. The kingdoms of Italy and Germany (East Francia) are united.
THE FIRST KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY (413-534 A.D.)
The Burgundians, a Gothic tribe, invade Gaul in 275, but are driven out by the emperor Probus. Returning in 287 they settle on the Neckar and the Rhine, and 413 they establish a kingdom with Gundicar, their leader, as king.
436 Gunderis succeeds his father. He extends the kingdom, which reaches from the Saône and lower Rhone and from Dijon, to the Mediterranean.
470 The kingdom is divided among Gunderis’ four sons: Chilperic, Gundobald, Godegisil, and Gondemar, but it is soon reunited under Gundobald, who makes the Burgundian code of laws.
516 Sigismund succeeds his father, Gundobald, and he in turn is succeeded by Gundimar.
534 Conquest of the kingdom of Burgundy by the sons of Clovis. It forms a part of the Frankish kingdom.
561 The Frankish kingdom is redivided among the sons of Clotaire. Burgundy a separate kingdom until 613 (see Merovingian kings). THE SECOND KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY OR ARLES (879-1032 A.D.)
When Carloman seizes the kingdom of Italy in 877 he compels Boson, the imperial governor of Charles the Bald, to retire to France, where he possesses himself of Provence and neighbouring territories.
879 Boson founds the kingdom Cisjuran or Lower Burgundy with capital at Arles.
882 Boson compelled to recognise Charles the Fat as his suzerain.
887 Death of Boson. His son Louis succeeds for three years under his mother’s regency.
888 Rudolf I, a Guelf count, establishes the kingdom of Transjuran or Upper Burgundy. His country consists of modern Switzerland as far east as the Reuss.
901 Louis of Provence, or Cisjuran Burgundy, invades Italy and is crowned emperor Louis III.
905 Berengar regains possession of Italy and puts out Louis’ eyes. Louis returns to Arles.
911 Death of Rudolf I of Upper Burgundy. His son. Rudolf II, succeeds.
921 Rudolf invited to invade Italy. He is proclaimed king. He becomes real ruler on death of Berengar, 924.
925 Hugo, count of Arles, who is ruling in the name of the blind Louis, compels Rudolf to retire and takes the throne of Italy.
927 Death of Louis. Hugo succeeds him.
931 Hugo exchanges the Cisjuran kingdom for Rudolf’s claim on Italy. The Cisjuran and Transjuran kingdoms of Burgundy become united under Rudolf.
937 Death of Rudolf. His son Conrad succeeds.
993 Death of Conrad. His son, Rudolf III, succeeds.
1016 Rudolf cedes the kingdom to the emperor Henry II, but is to remain in possession until his death.
1032 Death of Rudolf. The kingdom claimed by Eudes, count of Champagne. But the emperor, Conrad II, causes himself to be crowned king of Burgundy, and the next year, on death of Eudes, enters into peaceful possession of the country. Burgundy becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire. THE KINGDOM OF THURINGIA
The Thuringians in the fourth and fifth century have an extensive kingdom from the Elbe to the Danube. In 531, when Hermanfrid is king, they are attacked by the Merovingian Franks (sons of Clovis) and the Saxons who become allied for this purpose. Hermanfrid is defeated and slain. The northern part of the kingdom is taken by the Saxons and the southern becomes Frankish territory. THE KINGDOM OF THE SALIC FRANKS OR MEROVINGIANS (486-751 A.D.)
The Salic Franks or Merovingians, together with the Ripuarian Franks, have, by the beginning of the fifth century, settled along the Rhine and its tributaries from Mainz to the sea. They serve in the legions of the empire. In 406 they offer great resistance to the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, who cross the Rhine and finally settle in Spain. The Salians begin to spread over northern Gaul, and in 429, under their chief Clodion, they win a great battle at Cambray and reach the Loire.
447 Merovæus or Mérovée, son-in-law of Clodion, succeeds as chief.
451 The Franks lend assistance to Aëtius, the Roman general, at his victory over Attila at Châlons.
458 Childeric, son of Merovæus, succeeds as the Salic chief.
481 Clovis, son of Childeric, succeeds at age of fifteen.
486 Clovis attacks the Romans under Syagirus at Soissons in northern Gaul. His great victory destroys the last vestiges of Roman power in the country, and the Salic kingdom is established. Clovis makes Soissons his capital.
493 Clovis marries Clotilda, a Christian princess.
496 Victory of Clovis over the Alamanni. Conversion of Clovis and the Franks to orthodox Christianity.
507 Clovis defeats the Visigoths at the great battle of Voulon, and kills Alaric the king. He now possesses the country from the Loire to the Pyrenees, and transfers his capital to Paris, where he occupies himself with securing his kingdom by destruction of all powerful neighbours, showing neither scruple nor pity.
511 Promulgation of the Salic law. Death of Clovis and division of the kingdom among his four sons.
(1) Theodoric or Thierry I takes the northeastern part (afterwards Austrasia), capital at Metz.
(2) Childebert I, the central district, capital Paris.
(3) Clodomir, western Gaul along the Loire, capital Orleans.
(4) Clotaire, the old Salic land, capital Soissons.
In spite of the division, national unity is maintained, and the Franks continue their attacks on their neighbours on all sides.
524 Death of Clodomir in battle. His brothers seize his possessions.