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The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 07 [The History of the Later Roman Empire]». Краткое содержание книги:
788 Bavaria incorporated in Charlemagne’s dominions.
791-798 Campaigns against the Avars ending in their conquest. Pannonia added to the kingdom. The Danes, Wends, and Czechs also become subjects. The duke of Benevento is obliged to give homage. Charles’ rule extends from the Eider to Sicily and from the Ebro to the Theiss. Fresh revolts among the Saxons.
799 Pope Leo III expelled from Rome seeks Charlemagne’s camp at Paderborn. The king restores him to Rome. THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE AND THE KINGDOM OF EAST FRANCIA (800-961 A.D.)
800 Charlemagne crowned emperor of the Romans by Leo on Christmas eve.
801 Harun ar-Rashid sends an embassy with presents to Charlemagne.
804 New revolts among the Saxons and Danes suppressed. The Saxons are finally conquered. Gottfried, king of Denmark, invades Frankish provinces.
808 Defeat of the Danes by Charles son of Charlemagne.
810 Charlemagne proceeds against Gottfried in person. Murder of Gottfried by his servants and peace with the Danes.
813 Charlemagne crowns his sole surviving son Louis (I) le Débonnaire, emperor.
814 Death of Charlemagne. Louis succeeds to the whole empire except Italy, which is in the hands of Pepin’s son Bernhard.
817 Louis declares his eldest son, Lothair, his successor to the empire, giving him Austrasia and the greater part of Germany. Pepin receives Aquitania, and Ludwig Bavaria and adjacent province. Dissatisfied at this Bernhard of Italy rebels. He is captured and blinded by Louis and the kingdom given to Lothair (820).
829 Louis re-divides the empire in favour of his youngest son Charles (born 823). This dissatisfies the three other sons, and civil war breaks out.
833 Capture of Louis by his sons on the Field of Lies at Compiègne.
834 Louis released by his son Ludwig and placed again on throne.
838 Death of Pepin. Lothair and Charles divide his share of the empire, which causes Ludwig to rebel against them.
840 Death of Louis in the midst of the civil war. His son Lothair I succeeds to the title of emperor, and claims right to govern the whole of the empire. His brothers Ludwig and Charles combine against him.
841 Defeat of Lothair at Fontenay, leading to
843 Treaty of Verdun, dividing the empire among the brothers as follows:
(1) Lothair I retains imperial title. He receives Italy, and the centre of the Frankish lands—a narrow strip reaching to the North Sea, Provence, and the greater part of Burgundy.
(2) Ludwig the German, the eastern part of the Frankish lands between the Rhine and Elbe.
(2) Charles the Bald, the western lands, Neustria, Aquitania, North Burgundy, Septimania, and the Spanish March.
The history of France, distinct from Germany, begins. Lothair’s territory north of Italy is called the kingdom of Lotharingia or Lorraine.
849 Lothair associates his son Louis II in the empire.
850 Lothair divides his possessions among his three sons.
(1) Louis II (emperor) receives Italy (see Italy).
(2) Lothair II receives Lorraine. He cedes Alsace to the emperor Louis II.
(3) Charles receives Provence, etc.
Death of Lothair I.
858 Ludwig the German attacks dominions of Charles the Bald, but is obliged to retreat.
863 Death of Charles of Provence. His kingdom is divided between the emperor Louis and Lothair II of Lorraine.
869 Death of Lothair. Charles the Bald seizes Lorraine and has himself crowned.
870 Treaty of Mersen between Charles the Bald and Ludwig the German. Ludwig takes the eastern half of Lothair’s kingdom, and Charles the western.
875 Ludwig the German expects the imperial crown on death of Louis II. Charles the Bald obtains it, and Ludwig prepares to avenge his wrongs.
876 Death of Ludwig the German. His three sons amicably divide the kingdom.
(1) Carloman takes Bavaria, Bohemia, and the eastern provinces.
(2) Ludwig or Louis III takes Saxony, Franconia, Friesland, and northern Lorraine.
(3) Charles the Fat, the remainder.
The emperor, Charles the Bald, attempts to seize Ludwig’s territory, upon which Carloman of Bavaria seizes the crown of Italy.
877 Death of Charles the Bald, and beginning of struggle between Ludwig III and Carloman for the imperial crown.
880 Death of Carloman. His natural son Arnulf claims the Bavarian crown, but being satisfied with the gift of Carinthia, it is given to Ludwig. Charles the Fat seizes Italy and
881 Is crowned emperor by Pope John VIII.
882 Death of Ludwig without issue. The entire dominion of Germany becomes vested in Charles the Fat.
884 Charles becomes king of France (see France). The entire empire of Charlemagne (with the exception of Arles) is once more united under one ruler, but he proves utterly unfit for his charge and
887 After the disgraceful treaty with the Northmen (see France) he is deposed at Tribur and dies almost immediately afterward.
East Francia (afterwards Germany), West Francia (France), and Italy are once more divided. The East Franks or Germans elect Arnulf of Carinthia, illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria, as their king.
891 Arnulf defeats the Northmen at Loewen.
893 He allies himself with the Magyars or Hungarians, a Finnish tribe that has made its way into Hungary from the Ural region, for a campaign against the king of Moravia. He is only partially successful, and opens a way for the Magyar invasion of western Europe.
895 Arnulf seizes the West Frankish province of Lorraine and makes it into a kingdom for his natural son Zwentibold.
896 Arnulf invades Italy in the interests of the exiled king Berengar I. He defeats the emperor Lambert and restores Berengar. The pope crowns him emperor, which title he holds without dispute on death of Lambert (898).
899 Death of Arnulf. His six-year-old son Ludwig (IV) the Child becomes king of East Francia (Germany). He is under the influence of Hatto, archbishop of Mainz.
900 Revolt of the subjects of Zwentibold. He is killed by the rebels, and Lorraine passes to Ludwig.
908 The Magyar invasion begins to assume serious proportions.
910 Ludwig defeated by the Magyars on the Lech.
911 Death of Ludwig—the last Carlovingian prince in Germany. The feudal system has now become firmly established in Germany and the royal power is but a shadow of that exercised by the early Carlovingians. The crown is refused by Otto the Illustrious of Saxony and Conrad I duke of Franconia is elected king.
911-918 The Danes, Slavs, and Magyars continue their invasion. The duke of Lotharingia or Lorraine transfers his allegiance to the king of France. Conrad sends armies to France but is unable to prevent the loss of Lorraine. He struggles against the rising power of the dukes, especially with that of Henry of Saxony—a quarrel forced by the clergy. Conrad repents of this and on his death-bed advises election of Henry as his successor.
918 On death of Conrad Henry (I) the Fowler is elected king of East Francia. The Saxon line begins and the German monarchy is founded. Henry is a wise and great ruler. In the first year of his reign he obtains acknowledgment of his supremacy from the refractory dukes of Swabia and Bavaria.
924 Henry makes a nine years’ truce with the still troublesome Magyars, and pays them yearly tribute.
925 Lorraine is again added to Germany to which it belongs for the next eight centuries.
929 Victory at Lenzen over Wends and Danes.
933 On expiration of truce, Henry refuses further tribute to the Magyars. They make a fresh inroad but are totally defeated by Henry in Thuringia.
936 Henry prepares to go to Rome to claim the imperial crown won by no German since Arnulf. He dies before he can get started. His son by Matilda, Otto (I) the Great, is elected to succeed him.
937 An attempted Magyar invasion is repelled, and the invaders turn off into France.