Principles Of Political Economy
- Автор: Mill John Stuart
- Год: 2022
- Язык: английский
- Год: Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing
- Жанр: Политика
Электронная книга - «Principles Of Political Economy». Краткое содержание книги:
Beside discussing descriptive issues such as which nations tended to benefit more in a system of trade based on comparative advantage (Mill's answer: those with more elastic demands for other countries' goods), the work also discussed normative issues such as ideal systems of political economy, critiquing proposed systems such as communism and socialism.
Along with A System of Logic, Principles of Political Economy established Mill's reputation as a leading public intellectual. Mill's sympathetic attitude in this work and in other essays toward contemporary socialism, particularly Fourierism, earned him esteem from the working class as one of their intellectual champions.
I. English Navigation Acts.—Macpherson's “Annals,” ii, pp. 442, 484; Scobell, “Collection of Acts,” p. 176; Ruffhead, “Statutes at Large,” iii, p. 182; Roger Coke, “Treatise on Trade” (1671), p. 36; Sir Josiah Child, “New Discourse on Trade” (1671); Sir Matthew Decker, “Essay on the Causes of the Decline of Foreign Trade” (1744); Joshua Gee, “Trade and Navigation of Great Britain” (1730); Lindsay, “History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce”; McCulloch, “Dictionary of Commerce” (new edition), articles “Navigation” and “Colonial Trade”; ibid., edition of Adam Smith, note xii, p. 534; Huskisson, speeches, iii, 13, 351; Levi, “History of British Commerce,” p. 158.
II. Navigation Laws of the United States.—“United States Statutes at Large,” i, 27, 287, 305; Act of 1817, Statutes, iii, 351; Revised Statutes (1878), “Commerce and Navigation,” p. 795; Lord Sheffield, “Observations on the Commerce of the United States”; Pitkin, “Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States,” chap, i; D. A. Wells, “Our Merchant Marine,” chap. v; Seybert's “Statistical Annals”; Macgregor, “Commercial Statistics of America.”
III. Growth of American Shipping.—Rapid growth, 1840-1856. Levi, “History of British Commerce,” p. 582; Bigelow, “Tariff Question,” Appendix No. 57; “Harper's Magazine,” January, 1884, p. 217; Lindsay, “History of Merchant Shipping,” iii, p. 187; for ship-building, see Report of the United States Bureau of Statistics, “Commerce and Navigation,” 1881, p. 927; for tonnage, ibid., pp. 928-930; also, see “United States Statistical Abstract”; Dingley's Report to House of Representatives, December 15, 1882, No. 1,827, Forty-seventh Congress, second session, pp. 5, 8, 254.
IV. Steam and Iron Ships.—Preble, “History of Steam Navigation”; Colden, “Life of Fulton”; Porter, “Progress of the Nation,” section 3, chap. iv; Nimmo, “Report to the Secretary of the Treasury in Relation to the Foreign Commerce of the United States and the Decadence of American Shipping” (1870); Dingley's Report, pp. 4, 23; Kelley, “The Question of Ships,” Appendix ii, p. 208.
V. Decline of American Shipping.—“Report on Commerce and Navigation” (1881), pp. 927, 928; Lindsay, ibid., iii, pp. 83, 187, 593, 645; ibid., iv, pp. 163-180, 292, 316, 376; “North American Review,” October, 1864, p. 489; “Report on Commerce and Navigation,” 1881, lxv, pp. 915, 916, 922, 934; Lynch, Report to House of Representatives on “Causes of the Reduction of American Tonnage,” February 17, 1878, pp. ix, 80, 176, 195-213; remission of duties, Revised Statutes of the United States (edition of 1878), section 2,513; Report on “Commerce and Navigation,” xi, 83, 210; Dingley's Report; Nimmo, “Decadence of American Shipping” (which gives several charts), p. 17, “The Practical Workings of our Relations of Maritime Reciprocity” (1871); Kelley, ibid.; Reports of the New York Chamber of Commerce; Sumner, “Shall Americans own Ships?” in “North American Review,” June, 1880; Codman, “Free Ships”; for high-rate profit in the United States, Dingley's Report, p. 4.
VI. Burdens on Ship-Owners.—Tonnage duties, Wells, p. 179; sailors' wages, Revised Statutes, sections 4,561, 4,578, 4,580-4,584, 4,600; consular fees, Dingley's Report, p. 9; pilotage, taxation, Wells, p. 172, et seq.; see also Act of 1884, abolishing many of these burdens.
Appendix II. Examination Questions.
The following problems and questions have been arranged to indicate to the reader the character of examinations set by English[374] and American universities. They have been taken in each case from papers actually given. It is hardly necessary to state, perhaps, that these questions do not exhaust the subject, and are only some of a kind of which many more might be added:
Definitions.
1. Define briefly, Fixed Capital; Unproductive Consumption; Law of Diminishing Returns; Effective Desire of Accumulation; Law of Increase of Labor; Communism; Wages Fund; Wages of Superintendence; Real Wages; Value; Price; Demand; Medium of Exchange; Gresham's Law.
2. Explain carefully the following terms: Productive Consumption, Effectual Demand, Margin of Cultivation, Cost of Production, Value of Money, Cost of Labor, Wealth, and Abstinence.
3. Explain the following terms: Real Wages, Fixed Capital, Allowance System, Margin of Cultivation, Price, Demand, Medium of Exchange, Seignorage, Value of Money, and Bill of Exchange.
4. Define Supply, Value of Money, Productive Consumption, Cost of Production, Cost of Labor, Exchange Value, Law of Production from Land, Rate of Profit, Capital, and Gresham's Law.
5. Define Political Economy: State the parts into which it may be divided, and show how they are mutually related.
Labor.
6. Distinguish between direct and indirect labor, and give an illustration of the distinction.
7. Apply the distinction between productive and unproductive labor, and productive and unproductive consumption, respectively, to each of the following persons: a tailor, an architect, an annuitant, a sailor, and a brick-layer.
8. Is an actor to be classed as a productive laborer? The inventor of a machine? A confectioner?
9. In which of the two classes of laborers, productive and unproductive, would you place the following?
(1.) The officers of our Government. (2.) The maker of an organ. (3.) An organist. (4.) A schoolmaster. (5.) An artist. (6.) He who makes an article for which there is no use.10. Classify as productive or unproductive the following laborers: a clergyman, musical-instrument maker, actor, soldier, and lace-maker.
Capital.
11. Explain fully what you understand by capital, and what function it discharges in production. Consider whether or not the following ought to be included in capitaclass="underline" (1) the original and acquired powers of the laborer, (2) the original properties of the soil, (3) improvements on land, (4) credit, (5) unsold stock in the hands of a merchant, (6) articles purchased but still in the consumer's hands.
12. Does a national loan add to the capital of a country?
13. Inquire how far, or in what cases, or in what sense, it may be said that a common dwelling-house, an hotel, a school-house, a police-station, a theatre, and a fortification, constitute part of the capital of the country.
14. Discuss carefully the question whether money lying in a bank (or corn lying in a granary) is always capital, or whether its economic nature depends upon the intentions of the owner.
15. Are railway-shares, stocks of wine, wheat, munitions of war, and land, to be considered capital, or not?
16. Explain fully whether you consider that United States bonds are capital or not.
17. Is an investment in government funds capital, or not? Give your reasons.
18. In what manner does a large expenditure for military purposes affect the operations of capital and labor?
374
See Milnes's “Problems in Political Economy.”