Principles Of Political Economy
- Автор: Mill John Stuart
- Год: 2022
- Язык: английский
- Год: Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing
- Жанр: Политика
Электронная книга - «Principles Of Political Economy». Краткое содержание книги:
Beside discussing descriptive issues such as which nations tended to benefit more in a system of trade based on comparative advantage (Mill's answer: those with more elastic demands for other countries' goods), the work also discussed normative issues such as ideal systems of political economy, critiquing proposed systems such as communism and socialism.
Along with A System of Logic, Principles of Political Economy established Mill's reputation as a leading public intellectual. Mill's sympathetic attitude in this work and in other essays toward contemporary socialism, particularly Fourierism, earned him esteem from the working class as one of their intellectual champions.
Bowen's “Political Economy,” Chap. XX, advocates protection on the ground that it is needed to secure diversity of industries, and that it lowers the prices of imported goods.
Sir J. B. Byles's “Sophisms of Free Trade” is an answer to Bastiat's “Sophisms of Protection,” the latter having been translated into English by Horace White.
Erastus B. Bigelow's “The Tariff Question.” This is one of the ablest discussions, from the protectionist point of view, based on statistical tables and comparisons of the policy of England and the United States.
Stebbins's “Protectionists' Manual” is a brief and handy statement.
Ellis H. Roberts's “Government Revenue” is the form into which he has thrown his lectures at Cornell University (1884) on protection, and is the latest statement emanating from that side of the discussion. He goes at length into the history of taxes in various countries; holds that wages are higher here than in England because of protection; that our manufactures are more flourishing than our agriculture, etc.
Frederick List's “National Economy” is the German statement of protection, much on Carey's own grounds.
“The Congressional Globe” contains numerous speeches of members of Congress on the tariff; and the Iron and Steel Association of Philadelphia send out pamphlets explaining the protectionist position.
The free-trade arguments may be found also in W. M. Grosvenor's “Does Protection Protect?” He studies the results of the various tariffs of the United States, and gives many very valuable tables and collections of statistics bearing upon this question.
W. G. Sumner's “History of Protection in the United States” is a very vigorous account of the evils of the various tariffs and the protective system.
D. A. Wells's “Reports” as Special Commissioner of the Revenue, and his numerous pamphlets (see Putnams' publisher's catalogue), are full of facts, and give the results of special study of the subject as affecting the United States.
A. L. Perry's “Political Economy” gives a radical free-trade view.
Henry Fawcett's “Free Trade and Protection” explains the causes which have retarded the more general adoption of free trade.
J. E. Cairnes's “Leading Principles of Political Economy” gives the ablest discussion of the economic principles involved in the question which has yet been offered to the reader. Moreover, almost all our systematic writers on political economy (excepting, perhaps, Bowen and R. E. Thompson) give the system of free exchange their support on economic grounds.
Appendix I. Bibliographies.
A Brief Bibliography Of The Tariffs Of The United States.
I. General Works.—Young's “Special Report on the Customs-Tariff Legislation of the United States” contains useful extracts from debates of Congress, and also valuable tables of duties; in the Index, p. cciii, under “Tariff Act,” will be found references to, and dates of, all acts to 1870. See, also, Sumner's “History of American Currency,” and his “Lectures on Protection in the United States”; A. L. Perry's “Political Economy,” chap. xiii; Grosvenor's “Does Protection Protect?” A valuable study is E. J. James's “Studien über den Amerikanischen Zoll tariff.” For different views, see Carey's “Social Science”; Bolles's “Financial History of the United States,” vol. ii, Bk. i, chap. v, Bk. iii, chaps. iii to x; and Stebbins's “American Protectionists' Manual.”
II. Earlier Periods.—H. C. Adams's “Taxation in the United States, 1789-1816”; F. W. Taussig's “Protection to Young Industries”; the works of Hamilton, Madison, Jefferson, Webster, and Clay; “The Statesman's Manual”; and of course the Debates in Congress, etc. See, also, Bristed's “Resources of the United States”; Pitkin's “Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States”; Seybert's “Statistical Annals” (1818); and the “American Almanac.”
III. Noteworthy Documents.—Hamilton's Reports: “Report on Manufactures,” Works, ii, pp. 192-284, or American State Papers, Finance, i, 123-144. Dallas, Treasury Report of 1816, American State Papers, Finance, iii, 87-91.
A report which is of the greatest importance and weight is Albert Gallatin's “Memorial in Favor of Tariff Reform” (1832). Printed separately. Unfortunately, not in his collected works.
Walker's Report, see Finance Report, December 3, 1845.
J. Q. Adams's Report of 1832, Congressional Documents, 1831-1832, H. R. No. 481.
D. A. Wells's “Reports as Special Commissioner of the Revenue,” 1866, Senate Documents, second session, Thirty-ninth Congress, vol. i, No. 2; 1868, House Executive Documents, second session, Fortieth Congress, vol. ix, No. 81; 1869, House Executive Documents, third session, Fortieth Congress, vol. vii, No. 16; 1869, House Executive Documents, second session, Forty-first Congress, vol. v, No. 27; and his paper in the Cobden Club Essays (second series).
W. D. Kelley's “Speeches, Addresses, and Letters.”
“Report of the Tariff Commission,” 1882 (two vols). H. R. Miscellaneous Documents, No. 6, Part I, Forty-seventh Congress, second session.
IV. Pauper-Labor Argument.—See Taussig, “Protection to Young Industries,” p. 69, note 1; Calhoun's speech, Works, iv, pp. 201-212; Greeley's speech of 1843; Cooper's “Politics,” pp. 99-109; Webster's Works, v, pp. 161-235; Cairnes, “Leading Principles,” pp. 382-388. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics (1884), by Carroll D. Wright. D. A. Wells, “Princeton Review,” November, 1883, p. 261; Schoenhof, “Wages and Trade.”
V. View of Early Manufactures.—Bishop, “History of American Manufactures”; Batchelder's “Introduction and Early Progress of the Cotton Manufacture in the United States”; N. Appleton, “Origin of Lowell”; G. S. White, “Memoir of Samuel Slater”; B. F. French, “History of the Rise and Progress of the Iron Trade of the United States for 1621-1857”; H. Scrivenor, “History of the Iron Trade”; “Bulletin of the National Association of Woolen Manufactures,” ii, pp. 479-488. Tench Coxe, “Statement of the Arts and Manufactures of the United States for 1810” (1814).
VI. Later View of Manufactures:
(1.) The Iron Manufacture.—See Swank's “Reports of Iron and Steel Association,” 1882; ibid., “Census Report,” 1880; ibid., “Iron Trade,” 1876; J. S. Newberry, for an excellent article in “International Review,” i, pp. 768-780.
For Bessemer steel, Swank, “Census Report,” 1880, pp. 149-153; and Schoenhof, “Destructive Influences of the Tariff,” chap. vii. A. S. Hewett, Speech in Congress, May 16, 1882. Separately printed.
(2.) Wool, Woolens, and Cottons.—Production and importation of wool, see “United States Statistical Abstract”; “Tariff Commission Report,” i, pp. 1782-1785; ii, p. 2432.
Production and importation of woolens, see “Bulletin of Woolen Manufacturers,” vii, p. 359; “Commerce and Navigation Reports.”
Prosperity of woolen manufacturers after 1867, see Wells, “Wool and the Tariff” (a letter to the “New York Tribune,” March 20, 1873); R. W. Robinson, article of December, 1872, in “Bulletin of Woolen Manufacturers,” iii, p. 354. Edward Harris, “Memorial of the Manufacturers of Woolen Goods to the Committee of Ways and Means,” Washington, 1872. John L. Hayes, “The Fleece and the Loom.”
Production and importation of cottons, see “Commerce and Navigation Reports”; Census Report of 1880.