Europe's inner demons
- Автор: Кон Норман
- Год: 1975
- Язык: английский
- Год: BASIC BOOKS,.INC., PUBLISHERS
- ISBN: 465-0131-X
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «Europe's inner demons». Краткое содержание книги:
Who were these “witches” and “devils” and why did so many people believe in their terrifying powers? What explains the trials, tortures, and executions that reached their peak in the Great Persecutions of the sixteenth century? In this unique and absorbing volume, Norman Cohn, author of the widely acclaimed Pursuit of the Millennium, tracks down the facts behind the European witch craze and explores the historical origins and psychological manifestations of the stereotype of the witch.
Professor Cohn regards the concept of the witch as a collective fantasy, the origins of which date back to Roman times. In Europe's Inner Demons, he explores the rumors that circulated about the early Christians, who were believed by some contemporaries to be participants in secret orgies. He then traces the history of similar allegations made about successive groups of medieval heretics, all of whom were believed to take part in nocturnal orgies, where sexual promiscuity was practised, children eaten, and devils worshipped.
By identifying' and examining the traditional myths — the myth of the maleficion of evil men, the myth of the pact with the devil, the myth of night-flying women, the myth of the witches' Sabbath — the author provides an excellent account of why many historians came to believe that there really were sects of witches. Through countless chilling episodes, he reveals how and why fears turned into crushing accusation finally, he shows how the forbidden desires and unconscious give a new — and frighteningly real meaning to the ancient idea of the witch.
20 Corrector, chapter 5, para. 70.
21 Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, VII, 15.
22 Acta Sanctorum, 8 July, p. 616.
23 Ratherius, Praeloquiorum libri, I, 10, in Pat. lat., vol. 136, col. 157.
24 Reinardus Vulpes, ed. F. J. Mone, Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1832, lib. I, lines 1143-64.
25 On folklore traditions concerning Holda see “Perchta”, in Baechtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, vol. 6, Berlin and Leipzig, 1934-5, pp. 1478 seq. (Perchta is the South German equivalent to the central German Holda); also J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4th edn., Berlin, 1875, pp. 22040; V. Waschnitius, “Perht, Holda und verwandte Gestalten”, in Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, vol. 174, Vienna, 1913, pp. 4-179; and W. Liungman, Traditionswanderungen Euphrat-Rhein, vol. II, Helsinki, 1938, especially pp. 656 seq.
26 Guilielmus Alvernus, De universo creaturarum, Part III, xii, 2, cap. 22, in Opera Omnia, Orléans, 1674, vol. I, pp. 1036, 1066.
27 Roman de la Rose, ed. E. Langlois, vol. IV, Paris, 1922, lines 18424 seq.
28 The work is the Speculum Morale, which appears as the fourth part in all printed editions of the Speculum Majus of Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190–1264), but which is now known to be by a later hand. The relevant passage is at Book III, part iii, Distinctio xxvii.
29 Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda aurea, cap. 102.
30 Jacopo Passavanti, Lo specchio della vera penitenza, ed. F. L. Polidori, Florence, 1856, pp. 318-20.
31 On latter-day Sicilian beliefs see G. Pitrè, Usi e costumi credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, vol. IV, Florence, 1952, pp. 163 seq.; and cf. G. Bonomo, Caccia alle streghe, Palermo, 1959, pp. 65-7. Pitrè’s book was originally published in 1889.
32 See Bonomo, op. cit., pp. 15–17, 59–60.
33 John of Salisbury, Policraticus, sive De nugis curialium et vestigiis philosphorum, lib. II, cap. 17 (ed. C. C. I. Webb, Oxford, 1909, vol. I, pp. 100-1).
34 Johann Nider, Formicarius, lib. II, cap. iv. Text in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 89–90.
35 For the text from Alfonso Tostato, written in 1436: Hansen, Quellen, p. 109, n. 1.
36 Bartolommeo Spina, Quaestio de strigibus, cap. 30-1 (first published 1523).
37 Johann Weyer, De Praestigiis Daemonum, Basel, 1563, pp. 219-20; cf. Giambattista Porta, Magia Naturalis, lib. VIII, cap. ii (edition in twenty books, first published Naples, 1589).
38 S. Ferckel, “ ‘Hexensalbe’ und ihre Wirkung”, in Kosmos, vol. 50, Stuttgart, 1954, pp. 414 seq.; E. Richter, “Der nacherlebte Hexensabbat. W. E. Peuckerts Selbstversuch”, in Forschungsfragen unserer Zeit, vol. 7, Zeren, 1960, pp. 97-100; H. Marzell, Zauberpflanzen, Hexentränke: Brauchtum und Aberglaube, Stuttgart, 1963, pp. 47 seq.
39 e.g. in the chronicle of Mathias Widman of Kemnat, c. 1475, in Hansen, Quellen, p. 233. Cf. Johann Hartlieb, Buch aller verbotenen Kunst, ed. D. Ulm, Halle a. S., 1914, cap. 32, p. 20.
40 Sec above, p. 207.
41 J. R. Crawford, Witchcraft and sorcery in Rhodesia, London, 1967.
42 Ibid., pp. 112-13, 116.
43 Ibid., pp. 47-8.
44 Ibid., p. 60.
45 C. Ginzburg, I Benandanti, Turin, 1966.
46 Ibid., p. 9; cf. J. B. Russell, Witchcraft in the middle ages, pp. 41-2.
47 Ginzburg, op. cit., pp. 9-11, 20-4; and cf. pp. 43, 60-1, 67.
48 Ibid., pp. 12–13.
1 Hansen, Zauberwahn, pp. 400-1.
2 Report by the Lucerne Chronicler Hans Fründ, first published in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 533-7.
3 Cf. J. Marx, L’Inquisition en Dauphiné, Paris, 1914 (esp. pp. 32–42); see above, pp. 38 seq.
4 Text in J. Chevalier, Mémoire historique sur les hérésies en Dauphiné avant le 16e siècle, Valence, 1890, pp. 131 seq.
5 Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium, in MGSS vol. XXIII, p. 945.
6 Record of the entire proceedings in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 459-66.
7 Record of the proceedings in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 438-72. Cf. Jacques Du Clercq, Mémoires, Book III, chapter 11 (ed. C. B. Petitot, Paris, 1826, pp. 6093); and Nicolas Jacquier, Flagellum haereticorum fascinariorum, p. 27 (written 1458, printed Frankfort, 1581).
8 The basic sources for the study of the Arras Vauderie are Jacques du Clercq, op. cit., Book V, and a tract against the sect called the Recollectio, printed in Hansen, Quellen, pp. 149-83. Amongst the many modern accounts, that by H. C. Lea. A history of the Inquisition of the middle ages, vol. III, London, 1888, pp. 519-30, remains unsurpassed.
9 For the Greek text: L. Radermacher, “Griechische Quellen zur Faustsage”, in Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 206 (4), Vienna, 1927, pp. 122-48. For a ninth-century Latin translation: Hincmar, De divortio Lotharii et Theutbergae, Interrogatio XV (Pat. lat. vol. 125, cols. 721-6).
10 For the Greek text: Radermacher, op. cit., pp. 164–218. For a ninth-century Latin translation see Acta Sanctorum, 4 February, pp. 489-92.
11 Cf. K. Plenzat, Die Theophiluslegende in den Dichtungen des Mittelalters, Berlin, 1926 (Germanische Studien, vol. 43). For surveys of these and similar legends: P. M. Palmer and R. P. More, The sources of the Faust tradition, New York, 1936; L. Kretzenbacher, Teufelsbündner und Faustgestalten im Abendlande, Klagcnfurt, 1968.
12 Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, Distinctio IV, cap. vi (Camden Society, vol. 50, London, 1850, p. 155).
13 Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, Book V, chapter 28.
14 See above, p. 62.
15 Augustine, De civitate Dei, lib. XV, cap. 23.
16 Isidore of Seville, Originum sive etymologiatum libri XX, lib. VIII, cap. 11 (Pat. lat. vol. 82, col. 326).