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The Great Events by Famous Historians [Volumes 1-14]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Great Events by Famous Historians [Volumes 1-14]». Краткое содержание книги:
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 02 / (From the Rise of Greece to the Christian Era)
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 03
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 04
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 05 / (From Charlemagne to Frederick Barbarossa)
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 06 / (From Barbarossa to Dante)
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 07
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 08 / The Later Renaissance: from Gutenberg to the Reformation
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 09
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 10
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 11
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 13
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 14
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 17
The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 21 / The Recent Days (1910-1914)
607. Phocas concedes to Boniface III the supremacy of Rome over all Christian churches.
608. Boniface IV consecrates the Pantheon—built by Agrippa to the memory of his divine ancestors B.C. 27—as the Church of Santa Maria Rotunda.
Khusrau II, King of Persia, invades Asia Minor.
610. Phocas is given up to Heraclius and beheaded; Heraclius declared emperor of the East.
Venetia has an incursion of the Avars.
612. Cæsarea, Cappadocia, taken by the Persians.
Syria is invaded by the Saracens.
613. Clotaire unites under his rule all the territories of the Franks.
The youthful Ali becomes Mahomet's vizier.
614. Damascus and Jerusalem are taken by the Persians under Khusrau II.
616. Alexandria and Egypt conquered by the Persians; another army encamps at Chalcedon. Their general, Saen, introduces to Khusrau an embassy from Heraclius, for which he is flayed alive, and the ambassador imprisoned.
Death of Ethelbert; his son Eadbald succeeds him and restores the pagan worship to England; he is afterward converted to Christianity.
First expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
619. Heraclius, while holding a conference with Baian, is treacherously attacked by the Avars; he escapes with difficulty.
622. Roused from his apathy, Heraclius leaves Constantinople and lands at Alexandria; he defeats the Persians, recovers Cilicia, and places his army in secure winter quarters.
Flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina: the era of the Hegira commences, July 16th. See THE HEGIRA, iv, 198.
623. Heraclius occupies Armenia, takes Thebarma (Ooramiah), the birthplace of Zoroaster, reconquers Colchis and Iberia, and winters in Albania, having released 50,000 captives.
Suintilla takes the few remaining places in Spain that were still held by the Greek empire.
624. Ispahan, Persia, is taken by Heraclius; he defeats Sarbaraza at Salban.
625. Heraclius carries away an immense booty from Persia; he recovers Amida and Samosata.
626. Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Avars; the siege fails. The emperor Heraclius contracts an alliance with the Turks, who, passing the Caspian gates, invade Persia.
627. Khusrau II is overwhelmed by Heraclius and his Turkish allies.
King Edwin, of Northumberland, embraces Christianity and builds the first minster of wood, at York.
628. Recovery of Jerusalem and of the presumed true Cross by Heraclius from the Persians.
Khusrau 11 deposed and slain; by treaty all the possessions captured by the Persians are restored to Rome.
630 (629). Mecca surrenders to Mahomet; he invades Palestine.
631. After many revolutions in Persia, Cesra is made king.
Dagobert I reunites the Frankish empire.
632. Death of Mahomet; his successor, Abu-Bekr, sends an army into Syria. See THE SARACEN CONQUEST OF SYRIA, iv, 247.
Oswald builds the first minster of stone at York.
634. Death of Abu-Bekr; accession of Omar as head of the Saracens.
635. Defeat of the Welsh by the English at Heavenfield.
636. The Roman army is overcome by the Saracens. See THE SARACEN CONQUEST OF SYRIA, iv, 247.
637. Emesa, Balbec, and Jerusalem taken by the Saracens.
638. Heraclius, unable to resist the Mahometans, retires to Constantinople, where he publishes his Ecthesis.
Death of Dagobert; his two sons succeed, Clovis to Neustria and Burgundy, Sigebert to Austrasia.
640. Capture of Cæsarea. Invasion of Egypt by Amru, the general of Omar. See SARACENS CONQUER EGYPT, iv, 278.
641. Death of Heraclius, Emperor of the East; three rival emperors succeed; accession of Constans II.
The Sassanian kingdom ends.
642. Victory at Nehavend by the Saracens; this places Persia in their power.
Istria and Dalmatia invaded by the Slavonians.
643. Rotharis publishes the Lombard code of laws.
644. Assassination of Omar; Othman succeeds. See SARACENS CONQUER EGYPT, iv, 278.
646. Alexandria recaptured by the Greeks and again lost.
647. Abdallah advances, at the head of the Saracens, from Egypt to Roman Africa.
648. Constans II issues his Type, or model of faith.
649. Constans II orders the new exarch Olympius to enforce the adoption of his Type by the Western Church; it is rejected by the First Lateran Council.
650. The Moslems conquer Merv, Balkh, and Herat.[80]
Many orthodox churches are plundered by Constans II.
651. Death of Yezdejerd and end of the Persian kingdom.
652. Conversion of the East Saxons in England.
653. Pope Martin I is seized and banished by Constans II.
654. Martin, in Constantinople, is stripped of his pontifical robes and imprisoned; after long hesitation Eugenius is elected pope in his stead.
656. Assassination of Caliph Othman; Ali succeeds; Moawiyah revolts against him; he is supported by Ayesha the widow of Mahomet, Amru, Telhar, and Zobeir. These dissensions suspend the conquests of the Saracens. Ali is victorious on "the Day of the Camel"; Telhar and Zobeir are slain; Ayesha is made prisoner and sent to Medina.
657. Kufa is made the seat of government by Caliph Ali.
658. Constans takes the field against the Slavonians and repulses them.
Amru is sent by Moawiyah into Egypt and expels Ali's partisans. The two caliphs publicly pray for each other while waging fierce war.
660. Ali is assassinated; Hasan, his eldest son, is elected caliph.
661. Hasan resigns the caliphate; Moawiyah, the first of the Ommiads, becomes undisputed ruler of the Moslems; he makes Damascus his capital.
Death of Aribert; Lombardy is divided between his two sons. Constans, detested by all classes, leaves Constantinople and goes to Italy; the senate detains the Empress and his sons.
663. Constans visits Rome and carries away much spoil and retires to Syracuse.
664. Caliph Moawiyah appoints as his lieutenant in Persia, India, and the East his half-brother, Ziyad, "the greatest man of the age."
668. Constans is assassinated in a bath at Syracuse; Constans IV succeeds to the throne of the Eastern Empire.
The Sicilians set up Mecezius as emperor. Constantinople is first besieged by the Saracens.
669. Sicily is invaded by the Saracens, who capture Syracuse.
670. Kairwan, or Kayrawan, a holy Mahometan city in Northern Africa, founded.
Death of Clotaire III; Theodoric, or Thierry III, becomes king of Neustria and Burgundy.
671. Ebroin and Thierry are compelled by the Franks to retire into a monastery; Childeric for a time reigns alone.
672. Death of Ziyad; his son, appointed by Caliph Moawiyah lieutenant of Khorassan, penetrates into Bokhara and defeats the Turks.
673. First council of the Anglo-Saxon Church, at Hereford.
Year after year the Saracens repeat their attacks on Constantinople; Callinicus invents the Greek fire used successfully in its defence.
Thierry III and Ebroin leave their monastery and resume the government of Neustria.
Birth of the Venerable Bede.[81]
674. Revolts of the Gascons and Duke Paulus repressed by Wamba, King of the Visigoths in Spain.
The Bavarians, Thuringians, and other German subjects of Austrasia regain their independence.
677. Siege of Constantinople raised by the Mahometans; peace concluded.[82]
Domnus restores the authority of Rome over the Church at Ravenna.
678. Bulgarians establish themselves in the north of Thrace. Egfrid expels Wilfrid from York and divides his diocese; Wilfrid goes to Rome and obtains from Pope Agatho an order for his restoration. Egfrid resists the papal interference. A large comet visible for three months.
679. A council held at Rome for the reunion of the Greek and Latin churches.
680. Sixth general council of the Church, at Constantinople; Monothelite heresy condemned.
Establishment of a kingdom in Mæsia (modern Bulgaria) by the Bulgarians.[83]
Hoseyn, son of Ali, and his followers massacred at Kerbela.
Murder of Dagobert II, after which Pépin of Héristal and Martin rule Austrasia with the title of dukes.