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The Historians' History of the World 02 [Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «The Historians' History of the World 02 [Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia]». Краткое содержание книги:
453 Kalasoka, his son, succeeds him. He leaves the capital Rajagriha for a new one he has built—Pataliputra (the Palibothra of Megasthenes) at the confluence of the Sonu and Ganges.
After the reign of Ajatasatru the kings of Magadha increase their power and dominions, and the states to the north and west of Magadha gradually become a part of that kingdom.
450 The Pandu dynasty of Bharata comes to an end, whereby the Panchalas and Surasenas become subject to the king of Magadha.
500-400 The conquests and emigrations of the Aryans extend to the Deccan and Ceylon.
The pearls and coral found in these localities give a new impetus to trade.
425 Kalasoka is succeeded by three sons, ruling in succession.
403 Nanda, the head of a robber band, organises an army, attacks and captures Pataliputra, murders Pinjamakha the king, and ascends the throne. He and his descendants keeping the kingdom intact, reign until 340, when 340 Dasasiddhika is murdered by his wife’s paramour, Indradatta, who puts his son Dhanananda on the throne. This king is the Xandrames or Agrames of Greek writers, and his realm is called the kingdom of the Prasians (Prachyas or Gangarides). He is said to have acquired great wealth, and kept an enormous army.
The power of Magadha is at its height.
327 Alexander the Great begins the conquest of the Aryans on the right bank of the Indus. He captures Pushkala after a siege of thirty days and overpowers the Gandarians.
After a stubborn resistance, the Asvakas (the Assacanes, Aspasians, or Hippasians of the Greeks) are subjugated during the winter.
326 Early in the year Alexander prepares to cross the Indus. Mophis, the ruler of Takahasila (Greek Taxiles), surrenders without resistance. The king of Kashmir sends his brother to announce submission, and several smaller princes come in person to give homage.
Alexander advances to the Vitasta (Hydaspes, modern Jhelum) river, and meets the army of King Porus, whose territory extends to the Asikni. Porus has been promised the assistance of the king of Kashmir, in spite of the latter’s submission to the Macedonian. Before this help arrives Alexander defeats Porus, but restores him to his throne and increases his power by assigning him some conquered territory. The king of Kashmir now comes in person to give homage. The Asvakas revolt and the Khattias, assisted by the Kshudrakas and Malavas, make stubborn resistance, but all are subdued. Other princes submit. The Agalassians are severely defeated.
325 Alexander sails up the Asikni to the Indus. The tribes of the Punjab and Indus are easily reduced.
The principalities on the Lower Indus are seized without difficulty. Alexander fortifies the conquered territory and establishes satrapies. In August he returns to Persia with eighty thousand men. In September, Nearchus sails for Persia with the fleet. After Alexander’s departure Philippus, the satrap of the Punjab, is murdered by mutinous mercenaries. Eudemus and Mophis of Takshasila are made temporary satraps.
323 June 11, death of Alexander.
321 Antipater appoints Peithon satrap of Upper India, and Porus of the Lower Indus. Murder of Porus by Eudemus.
320 This crime instigates Chandra Gupta (Sandrocottus), a man of humble origin, probably a native of the Punjab, to arouse his countrymen against the Greeks. They flock to his standard.
317 Chandra Gupta expels the satraps from the land of the Indus. He proceeds against the kingdom of Magadha.
315 Conquest of Magadha by Chandra Gupta. Dhanananda probably slain.
312 He ascends the throne of Magadha. Beginning of the Maurya dynasty.
305 Seleucus attempts to re-establish Greek supremacy in the Punjab and Indus valley. He encounters army of Chandra Gupta, is forced to make an unfavourable treaty and alliance with him.
300 Changes have been introduced into the Brahmanic system through the influence of Buddhism. Vishnu (the preserver) and Siva (the destroyer) form a trilogy with Brahma (the creator). There is a liberation from regeneration.
291 Death of Chandra Gupta. His son Vindusara succeeds. He keeps up the kingdom. Megasthenes is the ambassador of Seleucus at the court of Magadha.
263 Asoka “the Buddhist Constantine,” son of Vindusara, succeeds to the throne of Magadha.
256-254 Treaty with Antiochus Theos. From being a cruel man Asoka is converted to Buddhism. Builds monasteries and many splendid edifices for the new faith. Associates Buddhist priests with him in the government. Professed by the king and his family, Buddhism now spreads rapidly throughout India.
Ceylon under King Devanampriya-Tishya (245-205) is also converted.
The kingdom of Magadha is extended over Surashtra (Guzerat), Orissa, Kalinga, and in the south beyond the Godavari.
The monumental history of India begins.
226 Subhagasena succeeds his father, Asoka. In his reign or that of his father the columns of Bharhut, Sanchi, and Buddha Gaya were erected.
180 Eucratides, king of Bactria, conquers the Indus as far as Patala. GRÆCO-BACTRIAN DOMINION IN THE INDUS REGION
178 Fall of the dynasty of Maurya.
The Sungas ascend the throne.
Two kings, Puspamitra and Agnimitra, reign thirty years.
148 The Gupta dynasty succeeds.
125 The Tatar tribe of Su drives the Greeks from Bactria, and the Græco-Bactrian settlements in the Punjab are overthrown by Tue-Chi.
The extent of the Scythian invasion has been variously estimated. Some scholars believe that they virtually supplanted the previous population of India, and there seems little doubt that by far the most numerous section of the Punjab population is of Scythian origin. At all events the Scythians play an important part in the subsequent history of northern India, and are the means of Buddhism getting into central and eastern Asia.
57 Beginning of the era founded in honour of King Vikramaditya. This name has been borne by several kings in Indian history—all famous for their struggles against the Scythians, from which much confusion has arisen.
A.D. 2-78 A.D. By this time the Scythians have established an empire over which the Kanishka family rules.
78 Salivahana, a king of southern India, is supposed to have checked the advance of the Scythians towards the south. After this, the fortunes of the invaders undergo many reverses. From now until the time of the Mohammedan conquest our knowledge of Indian history is most imperfect. But among the opponents of the Scythians there are:
60-235 The Sah (or Xatrapa) kings living northwest of Bombay.
319-470 The Gupta kings of Oudh and the northwest provinces.
480-722 The Valabhi kings in Cutch, the northwest districts of Bombay and Malwa.
510-560 Within the period took place the great battle of Korur in which King Vikramaditya of Ujjain in Malwa annihilated the Scythian army.
636 First appearance of the Mohammedans in India.
Osman sends a naval expedition to the Bombay coast.
712 Kasim invades Sind and establishes himself in the Indus valley.
722 The invaders overthrow the Valabhi dynasty.
828 The Hindus expel the Mohammedans and regain possession of Sind.
977-1176 Era of Mohammedan invasion.
A portion of the Punjab annexed to the Saracen empire.
1199 Mohammedan conquest of Behar.
1203 Mohammedan conquest of Lower Bengal.
1295-1315 Conquest of southern India.
1398 Tatar invasion of Timur (Tamerlane).
1482 Accession of Babar. (The Mogul dynasty.)
1556 Accession of Akbar the Great. The Mohammedan empire of India established.
FOOTNOTES
[16] The word is spelled with various modifications of the second letter, which is usually pronounced like s in sure.