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The Historians' History of the World 01 [Prolegomena; Egypt, Mesopotamia]
- Автор: Gutenberg
- Год: 1905
- Язык: английский
- Жанр: История
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Monuments.—Engraved seals of wonderful execution, inscriptions, and contract tablets.
3750 Naram-Sin, son of Sargon, succeeds him. First to assume title “King of the Four Quarters of the World”—a great conqueror and builder. Campaigns against Apirak and Magan (Arabia).
Builds temples at Nippur and Agade. Temple E-barra of Shamash at Sippar. This temple is the one in which Nabonidus found the “tablet with the writing of the name of Naram-Sin,” by which we are able to fix the date of his reign.
Under Sargon I and Naram-Sin there is a high state of organisation and civilisation in the kingdom. There were judges, musicians, physicians, good roads, etc. Thureau-Dangin says: “The epoch of Sargon and Naram-Sin certainly marks a culminating point in the history of the old Orient.”
Monuments.—Inscriptions.
3700 Bingani-shar-ali, son of Naram-Sin.
Further history of the kingdom of Agade is still unknown. Apparently the later kings gradually lose their power before that of the second dynasty of Ur.
The first period of Babylonian history is now closed. The Semites are in full possession of the land. We have the main seat of power at Agade with the rulers of Shirpurla reduced to patesis. THE SECOND DYNASTY OF UR
These kings add the title “King of Sumer and Accad” to that of Ur, combining the hostile elements of the North and South under one rule; “restoring,” says Radau, “in old Babylonia the peace which had been disturbed for many centuries, even from the time of the original Semitic invasion.”
3200 Ur-gur holds sway over both Semites and Sumerians (Agade and Shirpurla). His capital is at Ur. Famous as a temple builder. Builds temple Teimila to Nannar (moon god) at Ur, temple E-anna to Ishtar at Erech, temple E-barra to Shamash at Larsa.
Monuments.—Pyramidal tower at Nippur. Inscriptions.
3150 Dun-gi I succeeds. Continues his father’s work.
Builds temples of Nin-mar, Nina, Ningirsu, Dam-gal-nunna, and Ea, in Sungir, Nippur, and Kutha.
These two were ancestors of a long line of kings, concerning whom history is still silent. Apparently ground in southern Babylonia was soon lost, for we find THE KINGDOM OF ERECH
3100-3000 Two kings of pure Semitic names are known at this period. Singashid, probably the founder of the dynasty, and Sin-gamil. The probable history of this kingdom is that of a strong Semitic colony in southern Babylonia making itself independent and establishing a king and capital at Erech. With Sin-gamil, the thread of its history is lost.
Monuments.—Inscriptions relating to building of palace, temples, and restoration of temples at Erech. THE KINGDOM OF ISIN
A Semitic kingdom, similar to that of Erech, is established at Isin in the north. These kings extend their power to Nippur, Ur, Eridu, and finally to Erech, extinguishing the dynasty ruling there.
The kings add “king of Sumer and Accad” to that of Isin, showing also that the second dynasty of Ur has ceased to exist.
3000 Libit-Ishtar.
Monuments and cylinder inscriptions.
Other kings are, Ishbigarra, Bur-Sin I, Ur-Ninib, Idin-Dagan.
2850 Ishme Dagan, the last to bear the title of Sumer and Accad. His son En-anna-tum is a vassal of the third dynasty of Ur.
Monuments.—Tablet inscriptions.
THE THIRD DYNASTY OF UR
The early kings call themselves simply Kings of Ur.
2800 Gungunu puts an end to the dynasty of Isin. He is succeeded by Ur-gur II and Dungi II, order uncertain.
They build many temples, and Ur-gur II fortifies the wall of his capital, hence he must have been harassed by enemies. We have records that the patesis of Shirpurla still existed at this time.
Monuments.—Votive and seal inscriptions.
2700 Dungi III.—The kings from now on add “King of the Four Quarters of the World” to their title, and for this reason some scholars reckon this king as the first of a fourth dynasty. He is followed by Bur-Sin II, Gamil-Sin, and Ine-Sin; the latter ruling about 2580. We have no knowledge of other kings, but about 2450-2400 the “Kingship of the Four Quarters of the World” is overthrown in the north by the Ist Dynasty of Babylon and in the south by Nur-Adad of Larsa.
Monuments.—Building records and contract tablets. THE KINGDOM OF LARSA
2400 Successful rebellion of southern Babylonia against the kings of Ur. The kingdom of Larsa founded by Nur-Adad.
2370 Sin-iddin succeeds his father and extends his kingdom over Sumer and Accad.
2350 Kudur-nankhundi, king of Elam, invades southern Babylonia. Under Kudur-nankhundi’s successor, Kudur-lagamar 2340 (Kudur-dugmal, probably the Hebrew Chedoriaomer) the Elamites establish a kingdom in Larsa with Rim-Sin (Eri-aku) at its head. He adopts Sin-iddin’s titles. 2312 The latter appeals to Khammurabi, king of Babylon, who overpowers Rim-Sin. THE KINGDOM OF BABYLON
Ist DYNASTY, 2450-2150 B.C.
In the days of Sumer and Accad there is no mention of Babylon, which must, however, have developed into some importance during the supremacy of Isin (3000-2850). Dates are now more reliable.
2450 Sumu-abi overthrows the Ur Dynasty in Babylon, but the rebellion does not extend beyond that city.
2440 Sumu-la-ilu.—He builds six strong fortresses in Babylon.
2405 Zabu.—He builds temple E-dubar in Sippar. The country is evidently in revolution, for mention is made of a pretender, Immeru.
2290 Apil-Sin.
2370 Sin-muballit.
Only monuments of these reigns, contract tablets.
2342 Khammurabi.—Probably the Amraphel of the Bible, a contemporary of Abraham. The maker of a united Babylon, for in 2312 called upon by Sin-iddin, he expels Rim-Sin and the Elamites from Larsa, and adding southern Babylonia to his dominions, resumes the titles of the kings of Ur, Isin, and Larsa. He begins to develop his new kingdom, digging canals for water supply. Builds a great storehouse for wheat in Babylonia. Enlarges temples of E-zida and E-sagila in Borsippa.
Monuments.—Letters and inscriptions.
2287-2150 The remaining kings of the dynasty lived in complete peace. The few remains of their age witness a high civilisation and great prosperity.
Monuments.—Contract tablets.
IInd DYNASTY, 2150-1783 B.C.
2150-1783 Called the dynasty of Uru-Azag (probably referring to a district of the city of Babylon). Eleven kings of Sumerian origin reign for 368 years. There is but little known of them.
No monuments of this dynasty.
IIIrd DYNASTY, 1783-1207 B.C.
1783 The Kossæans or Kassites (Kasshu) from the mountains of Elam establish a dynasty with Gandish or Gaddash the first king. They had entered the country as roving bands, had overrun it, and finally attained the power. Culture and civilisation are assimilated by the newcomers.
1700 Agum-kakrime, the first king of the dynasty of whom we have any details. His kingdom is greater than that of Khammurabi. The land of Padan is subject to him. Some statues of gods that had been previously carried away are restored to Babylon.
1450 Karaindash.—In this reign we have the first evidence of intercourse between the kingdoms of Assyria and Babylonia—a treaty with Asshur-bel-nish-eshu, king of Assyria, concerning boundary line. Builds a temple to Nana, goddess of E-Anna.