Europe's inner demons
- Автор: Кон Норман
- Год: 1975
- Язык: английский
- Год: BASIC BOOKS,.INC., PUBLISHERS
- ISBN: 465-0131-X
- Жанр: История
Электронная книга - «Europe's inner demons». Краткое содержание книги:
Who were these “witches” and “devils” and why did so many people believe in their terrifying powers? What explains the trials, tortures, and executions that reached their peak in the Great Persecutions of the sixteenth century? In this unique and absorbing volume, Norman Cohn, author of the widely acclaimed Pursuit of the Millennium, tracks down the facts behind the European witch craze and explores the historical origins and psychological manifestations of the stereotype of the witch.
Professor Cohn regards the concept of the witch as a collective fantasy, the origins of which date back to Roman times. In Europe's Inner Demons, he explores the rumors that circulated about the early Christians, who were believed by some contemporaries to be participants in secret orgies. He then traces the history of similar allegations made about successive groups of medieval heretics, all of whom were believed to take part in nocturnal orgies, where sexual promiscuity was practised, children eaten, and devils worshipped.
By identifying' and examining the traditional myths — the myth of the maleficion of evil men, the myth of the pact with the devil, the myth of night-flying women, the myth of the witches' Sabbath — the author provides an excellent account of why many historians came to believe that there really were sects of witches. Through countless chilling episodes, he reveals how and why fears turned into crushing accusation finally, he shows how the forbidden desires and unconscious give a new — and frighteningly real meaning to the ancient idea of the witch.
2 Raymond Lull, Liber de fine. The work is printed as an appendix to A. Gottron, Ramon Lulls Kreuzzugsideen, Berlin and Leipzig, 1912, pp. 65–93. See also J. N. Hillgarth, Ramon Lull and Lullism in fourteenth-century France, Oxford, 1971 (esp. pp. 66, 72-3).
3 The surviving fragments are combined in an Aragonese document dating from early in 1308. For the text see Finke, op. cit., vol. II, p. 118. Cf. letter from Christian Spinola to James II of Aragon, Ibid., p. 51; also Finke’s comments in vol. I, pp. 121-2.
4 Pierre Dubois, De recuperatione Terre Sancte, ed. C. V. Langlois, Paris, 1891, especially pp. 98-9, 131-40. The tract was written between 1305 and 1307. On Dubois, see E. Zeck, Der Publizist Pierre Dubois, Berlin, 1911; especially, for his relationship to Lull, pp. 147 seq.
5 For Jacques de Molay’s reply: Lizerand, L'Affaire des Templiers, pp. 2-14.
6 For Esquiu de Floyran see document in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 83-5; and Almaricus Augerii, Vita Clementis V, in E. Baluze, Vitae paparum Avenionensium, ed. G. Mollat, Paris, 1914, vol. I, pp. 93-4. Like Esquiu, Almaric came from Béziers; but he wrote half a century later. The version of the story in Villani, Istorie fiorentine, is demonstrably inaccurate. See also Finke, op. cit., vol. I, pp. m-14; and C. V. Langlois, review of Finke in Journal des Savants for 1908, pp. 423-5.
7 Text in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 16–28.
8 For a bibliography of the debate concerning the guilt or innocence of the order, see Neu, op. cit., pp. 41–50. Since the publication of Neu there has appeared G. Legman, The guilt of the Templars, New York, 1966. It need not be taken seriously.
9 Text in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 206-12.
10 For examples and references see Michelet, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 292, 294, 295, 297; and cf. text in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, p. 363.
11 Text in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 342-64.
12 Chronique de Saint-Denis, in Bouquet, vol. XX, p. 686.
13 Cf. text in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 351, 353, 361.
14 Ibid., pp. 342, 344, 345, 348.
15 Cf. Finke, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 147-50.
16 This emerges already from the order for the arrest of the Templars; see text in Lizerand, op. cit., p. 26.
17 Cf. Michelet, Procès des Templiers, vol. I, p. 75.
18 For the text of these early confessions see Michelet, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 277 seq.
19 For the confession of Hugues de Pairaud: Lizerand, op. cit., p. 43.
20 Cf. texts in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 342-64.
21 Texts in Finke, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 309-12.
22 Ibid., pp. 307-9.
23 Cf. Finke, op. cit., vol. I, p. 181 with footnote (1).
24 Text in Rymer, Foedera, edn. of 1745, vol. I, para. 4, pp. 99-100.
25 For the Latin text of the summons: Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 102-6.
26 For the Latin text of the oration: Ibid., pp. 110-24.
27 Cf. the oration in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 124-36.
28 Cf. Michelet, op. cit., vol. I, p. 36.
29 Text in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 176-88.
30 Deposition of Aimery de Villiers-le-Duc, in Lizerand, op. cit., pp. 188-92
31 Text in G. Villani, Istorie fiorentine, lib. VIII, cap. 92.
1 K. E. Jarcke, “Ein Hexenprozess”, in Annalen der deutschen und ausländischen Criminal-Rechts-Pflege, vol. I, Berlin, 1828 (esp. p. 450).
2 F. J. Mone, “Ueber das Hexenwesen”, in Anzeiger für Kunde der teutschen Vorzeit, Jahrgang 8, Karlsruhe, 1839 (esp. pp. 271-5, 444-53).
3 Cf. J. M. Roberts, The mythology of the secret societies, London, 1972.
4 J. Michelet, La Sorcière, chap, xi (p. 128 in the edition by P. Viallaneix, Paris, 1966).
5 Ibid., chaps, xi, xii (pp. 127, 138 in Viallaneix).
6 Cf. G. Mongrédien, Madame de Montespan et l’affaire des poisons, Paris, 1953.
7 See below, p. 232.
8 P. Viallaneix, preface to La Sorcière, pp. 17–18.
9 E. Le Roy Ladurie, Les paysans de Languedoc, Paris, 1966, pp. 407-14.
10 Margaret Murray first expounded her views a few years earlier, in two articles in Folk-Lore, vols. XXVIII (1917) and XXXI (1920).
11 E. Rose, A razor for a goat, Toronto, 1962, pp. 14–15.
12 Cf. Florence Hershman, Witchcraft U.S.A., New York, 1971, pp. 149-56.
13 A. Runeberg, Witches, demons and fertility magic, Helsingfors, 1947, pp. 230-1.
14 R. Burns Begg, “Notice of Trials for Witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Kinrossshire, in 1662”, in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. XXII, Edinburgh, 1888, pp. 212 seq., 223.
15 M. Murray, The Witch-cult in western Europe, Oxford, 1962, pp. 139, 99.
16 T. Potts, Discovery of Witches in the County of Lancashire reprinted from the original edition of 1613, Manchester, 1845.
17 Murray, op. cit., p. 140.
18 J. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, London, 1689, pp. 353-4.
19 Murray, op. cit., p. 141.
20 Ibid., p. 98.
21 (G. R. Kinloch, ed.), Reliquiae Antiquae Scoticae, illustrative of civil and ecclesiastical affairs, Edinburgh, 1848, pp. 121-3.