Principles Of Political Economy
- Автор: Mill John Stuart
- Год: 2022
- Язык: английский
- Год: Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing
- Жанр: Политика
Электронная книга - «Principles Of Political Economy». Краткое содержание книги:
Beside discussing descriptive issues such as which nations tended to benefit more in a system of trade based on comparative advantage (Mill's answer: those with more elastic demands for other countries' goods), the work also discussed normative issues such as ideal systems of political economy, critiquing proposed systems such as communism and socialism.
Along with A System of Logic, Principles of Political Economy established Mill's reputation as a leading public intellectual. Mill's sympathetic attitude in this work and in other essays toward contemporary socialism, particularly Fourierism, earned him esteem from the working class as one of their intellectual champions.
For the facts in regard to the production of the precious metals, see the investigation by Dr. Adolf Soetbeer,[230] from which Chart IX has been taken. It is worthy of careful study. The figures in each period, at the top of the respective spaces, give the average annual production during those years. The last period has been added by me from figures taken from the reports of the Director of the United States Mint. Other accessible sources, for the production of the precious metals, are the tables in the appendices to the Report of the Committee to the House of Commons on the “Depreciation of Silver” (1876); the French official Procès-Verbaux of the International Monetary Conference of 1881, which give Soetbeer's figures to a later date than his publication above mentioned; the various papers in the British parliamentary documents; and the reports of the director of our mint. Since 1850 more gold has been produced than in the whole period preceding, from 1492 to 1850. Previous to 1849 the annual average product of gold, out of the total product of both gold and silver, was thirty-six per cent; for the twenty-six years ending in 1875, it has been seventy and one half per cent. The result has been a rise in gold prices certainly down to 1862,[231] as shown by the following chart. It will be observed how much higher the prices rose during the depression after 1858 than it was during a period of similar conditions after 1848. The result, it may be said, was predicted by Chevalier.[232]
Chart IX.
Chart showing the Production of the Precious Metals, according to Value, from 1493 to 1879.
Years. Silver. Gold. Total. 1493-1520 $2,115,000 $4,045,500 $6,160,500 1521-1544 4,059,000 4,994,000 9,053,000 1545-1560 14,022,000 5,935,500 19,957,500 1561-1580 13,477,500 4,770,750 18,248,250 1581-1600 18,850,500 5,147,500 23,998,000 1601-1620 19,030,500 5,942,750 24,973,250 1621-1640 17,712,000 5,789,250 23,501,250 1641-1660 16,483,500 6,117,000 22,600,500 1661-1680 15,165,000 6,458,750 21,623,750 1681-1700 15,385,500 7,508,500 22,894,000 1701-1720 16,002,000 8,942,000 24,944,000 1721-1740 19,404,000 13,308,250 32,712,250 1741-1760 23,991,500 17,165,500 41,157,000 1761-1780 29,373,250 14,441,750 43,815,000 1781-1800 39,557,750 12,408,500 51,966,250 1801-1810 40,236,750 12,400,000 52,636,750 1811-1820 24,334,750 7,983,000 32,317,750 1821-1830 20,725,250 9,915,750 30,641,000 1831-1840 26,840,250 14,151,500 40,991,750 1841-1850 35,118,750 38,194,250 73,313,000 1851-1855 39,875,250 137,766,750 177,642,000 1856-1860 40,724,500 143,725,250 184,449,750 1861-1865 49,551,750 129,123,250 178,675,000 1866-1870 60,258,750 133,850,000 194,108,750 1871-1875 88,624,000 119,045,750 207,669,750 1876-1879 110,575,000 119,710,000 230,285,000230
“Edelmetall-Production,” in Petermann's “Mittheilungen,” Ergänzungsheft, No. 57.
231
See Jevons's “A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold.”
232
In his book “De la Baisse probable de l'Or” (1859). See also Cairnes's “Essays.” For authorities on the new gold, see Robinson's “California” (Larkin's and Mason's Reports, pp. 17, 33); Executive Documents of United States, 1848, I, 1; Westgarth's “Colony of Victoria,” pp. 122, 315; Wood, “Sixteen Months in the Gold Diggings,” p. 125; Lalor's “Cyclopædia,” II, p. 851; Walker, “Money,” part i, chaps. vii, viii. For the probable effects, see “North American Review,” October, 1852; Tooke's “History of Prices,” vi, p. 224; “Statistical Journal,” 1878, p. 230; Levasseur, “Question de l'Or.” As to how far the value of gold was lowered, Jevons, “Serious Fall,” etc.; “Statistical Journal,” 1865; ibid., 1869, p. 445; and Giffen's “Essays in Finance,” p. 82.